PCR detection of bovine papilloma virus DNA in superficial swabs and scrapings from equine sarcoids

The purpose of this study was to examine if bovine papilloma virus (BPV) DNA can be detected in superficial swabs or scrapings from equine sarcoids. Samples were obtained from 92 sarcoids and 20 non-sarcoidal control lesions. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used with a first primer set to check whether DNA extraction was successful, and with a second primer set specific for BPV-DNA. DNA isolation was successful in 88% of the swabs and 93% of the scrapings. All control lesions were negative for BPV-DNA.     

Canine chronic inflammatory rhinitis

Chronic inflammatory rhinitis is commonly found in dogs with chronic nasal disease and is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in the nasal mucosa in the absence of an obvious etiologic process. The pathogenesis of lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis remains unknown. Animals respond poorly to antibiotics, oral glucocorticoids, and antihistamines, making primary infectious, immune-mediated, or allergic etiologies unlikely. Aberrant immune response to inhaled organisms or allergens may induce inflammation in some animals. Common clinical signs include nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, epistaxis, and stertor. Diagnosis is made by performing a thorough history, physical examination, radiography or advanced imaging (via computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging), rhinoscopy, and nasal mucosal biopsy to rule out primary etiologies of nasal discharge. Treatment strategies have included various antibiotics, antihistamines, oral and inhalant steroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatories, and antifungal medications. Some dogs may respond partially to doxycycline or azithromycin, although it is unclear whether response is related to antimicrobial or antiinflammatory properties of these drugs. Hydration of the nasal cavity through nasal drops or aerosols may limit nasal discharge, and some animals may improve with inhalant (but rarely oral) glucocorticoids.     

福建山羊地方性鼻内肿瘤的分子流行病学调查

为明确2014-2017年福建省多地区羊发生的一种以流稀薄鼻液为主要症状疾病的病原,对该病进行流行病学调查、肿瘤组织切片观察,特异性PCR诊断以及核酸序列分析,结果显示该病在流行病学、临床症状、病理变化、组织病理变化上与国内外已报道的病例表现基本一致,RT-PCR鉴定结果为ENTV-2,其中7个分离株与ENTV-2CHN2(分离于中国)处于同一进化树分支,1个分离株与ENTV-SC(分离于中国)、ENTVShaanxi(分离于中国)处于同一进化树分支。说明近几年福建省流行的羊肿瘤病的病原为ENTV-2,为福建省加强该病的防治奠定基础。     

Direct approach to the nasal cavity through a bone flap for the treatment of a large nasal cyst

A 21‐year‐old Warmblood mare was referred to the Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, because of recurrent unilateral nasal discharge 3 months after partial removal of a large cyst from the left maxillary and frontal sinuses. Endoscopic, radiographic and computed tomographic examinations showed that the remnant of the cyst, which originally had extended from the left maxillary and frontal sinuses into the left nasal cavity, had expanded and was obliterating the left middle nasal meatus. A direct surgical approach to the cyst through the left nasal and maxillary bones rostral to the facial crest was chosen, which allowed evaluation and removal of the entire cyst. Endoscopic examination 3 days post operatively showed no remnants of the cyst, and the mare was discharged in good health. Re‐examination one year later showed no recurrence of the cyst.     

Expression of VEGFR and PDGFR‐α/‐β in 187 canine nasal carcinomas

Radiotherapy represents the standard of care for intranasal carcinomas. Responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been reported but data on expression of target receptor tyrosine kinases (rTKs) is limited. This study characterizes the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)‐α and PDGFR‐β in canine intranasal carcinomas. Histological samples from 187 dogs were retrieved. Immunohistochemistry was performed using commercially available antibodies. Expression of rTKs was classified into weak, moderate or intense and additionally recorded as cytoplasmic, membranous, cytoplasmic‐membranous, nuclear or stromal. VEGFR was expressed in 158 dogs with predominantly moderate expression (36.9%) and a cytoplasmic‐membranous expression pattern (70.9%). PDGFR‐α was detected in 133 with predominantly weak expression (57.9%) and cytoplasmic pattern (87.9%). PDGFR‐β was identified in 74 patients with a predominantly moderate expression (17.6%) and cytoplasmic expression pattern (63.5%). Co‐expression of rTKs was common. These results confirm expression of VEGFR, PDGFR‐α and PDGFR‐β in canine intranasal carcinomas and support the utility of TKIs.     

试验用Hartley豚鼠的饲养及滴鼻剂变应性鼻炎建模

为探索试验用Hartley豚鼠的饲养及建立滴鼻剂变应性鼻炎(AR)模型的有效方法,本试验采用单因素试验,考察了试验动物种类、饲养方式、卵清蛋白(OVA)致敏剂量、时间对滴鼻剂AR建模的影响,观察空白组与模型组Hartley豚鼠过敏反应症状和鼻黏膜病理切片。结果显示,就滴鼻剂的AR试验而言,Hartley豚鼠是较好的试验动物;饲料为普通小鼠饲料+莴苣叶或油麦菜;OVA为致敏剂,基础致敏浓度为0.1~0.3 mg/mL OVA,隔天腹腔注射1次,共7次;激发致敏浓度为2%,两侧鼻腔各10~30 μL,每天1次,6~9 d后与空白组相比,模型组Hartley豚鼠有明显的过敏反应症状和鼻黏膜病变。该建模方法简单经济,重现性好,可作为滴鼻剂AR建模的最佳方法。     

DOSIMETRIC IMPACT OF DAILY SETUP VARIATIONS DURING TREATMENT OF CANINE NASAL TUMORS USING INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) can be employed to yield precise dose distributions that tightly conform to targets and reduce high doses to normal structures by generating steep dose gradients. Because of these sharp gradients, daily setup variations may have an adverse effect on clinical outcome such that an adjacent normal structure may be overdosed and/or the target may be underdosed. This study provides a detailed analysis of the impact of daily setup variations on optimized IMRT canine nasal tumor treatment plans when variations are not accounted for due to the lack of image guidance. Setup histories of ten patients with nasal tumors previously treated using helical tomotherapy were replanned retrospectively to study the impact of daily setup variations on IMRT dose distributions. Daily setup shifts were applied to IMRT plans on a fraction-by-fraction basis. Using mattress immobilization and laser alignment, mean setup error magnitude in any single dimension was at least 2.5 mm (0–10.0 mm). With inclusions of all three translational coordinates, mean composite offset vector was 5.9±3.3 mm. Due to variations, a loss of equivalent uniform dose for target volumes of up to 5.6% was noted which corresponded to a potential loss in tumor control probability of 39.5%. Overdosing of eyes and brain was noted by increases in mean normalized total dose and highest normalized dose given to 2% of the volume. Findings suggest that successful implementation of canine nasal IMRT requires daily image guidance to ensure accurate delivery of precise IMRT distributions when non-rigid immobilization techniques are utilized. Unrecognized geographical misses may result in tumor recurrence and/or radiation toxicities to the eyes and brain.