Genetic variability following selection for scrapie resistance in six autochthonous sheep breeds in the province of Bolzano (northern Italy)

Scrapie is an ovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, and its susceptibility is associated with polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Genetic selection is currently the most effective mean for eradication of the susceptible VRQ allele in favour of resistant ARR allele. Maintenance of genetic diversity should be one of the major objectives in breeding programmes, especially in endangered breeds, and genetic information are an excellent alternative to pedigree data where these information are missing. The aim of our study was to determine changes of genetic variability in six native sheep breeds from autonomous province of Bolzano, northern Italy, following simulation of scrapie selection scenarios. A total of 684 rams were investigated for PRNP polymorphisms and for 10 microsatellite loci to estimate genetic variability. Across all loci, a total of 163 alleles were detected with a mean of 10.4 alleles per locus. Average observed (Ho) and unbiased expected (uHe) heterozygosity overall loci were 0.74 and 0.78, respectively, showing a statistically significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in all breeds. This heterozygosity deficit was confirmed by a positive fixation index (Fis), determining a moderate inbreeding in each breed. Simulating a soft selection, where only rams having at least a VRQ allele should be excluded from reproduction, Ho, uHe and Fis values remained almost unchanged, indicating that genetic variability should not be affected by the removal of these individuals. With a mild selection scenario, considering only rams with at least one ARR allele, we observed a decrease in the mean alleles per breed (8.9) and the maintenance of heterozygosity deficiency, except for two breeds, where it was any longer significant. These results showed that selection strategies allowing use of heterozygous as well homozygous ARR rams might be the right compromise to improve resistance to scrapie and to do not dramatically affect genetic variability of these breeds.     

新疆绵羊致病株李斯特杆菌分离与鉴定

本研究采用生化反应，溶血试验，致病力试验，PCR方法对分离的新疆5株绵羊致病株李斯特杆菌90SB1，90SB2，90SB5，90SS1，125SL进行了种型的鉴别测定，并用RAPD技术对这5株李斯特杆菌及标准株李斯特杆菌进行分型。试验结果，五株绵羊致病株（野毒株），在生化反应，培养特性，溶血性，致病性及溶血素基因特异性等方面表现高度的一致性，属于同一种LM。RAPD实验表明此5株LM指纹图谱相同，属于同一个型。此5株致病性LM与标准LM对照株（从食品中分离到）指纹图谱差异显著，属于不同型。     

高原型藏羊的采精及细管冻精授配技术试验

为提高青海高原型藏羊选育工作,探索羊的人工采精和细管冻精技术在高寒地区的应用效果,对青海省海北州祁连3只高原型藏种公羊和玛多县30只高原型藏母羊进行了选育试验,实验结果表明:藏种公羊鲜精采集量平均为1.5mL,呈乳白或乳黄色、无气味、有云雾状,平均活力冻前鲜精为0.65,高出一般羊精子标准活力的0.075,冻后为0.35~0.5,高出本省羊精子标准活力0.1,且经冷配后的30只藏母羊均无返情现象。本实验对于藏羊的改良有重要的实践意义,对于改善纯种高原型藏羊也有重要的参考价值。     

妊娠山羊宫内胎儿脐动脉插管手术方法的研究

为了优化山羊胎儿脐动脉插管模型,本试验采用医用硬膜外导管对单胎妊娠120日龄的山羊进行胎儿脐动脉插管手术,对其手术途径、导管类型、插管方法、麻醉和术后护理进行研究。术后可顺利采集胎儿血液样本,1周后母山羊正常分娩。本试验建立的山羊胎儿脐动脉插管模型的手术方案,可为胎儿疾病的诊断及临床用药等提供试验基础。     

海北州草业及发展建议

草业是农牧业经济发展的支柱产业,海北州是青海省发展草产业具有十分有利的自然和环境条件的地区之一。因此,加强宣传、统筹规划、调整结构、引进人才、技术、加大投入、探索补偿机制、完善草地流转等措施,是加速草产业向规模化、产业化方向迈进的主要途径。     

伊犁州直奶业发展现状及其对策

伊犁州直是新疆重要的畜牧业生产基地，奶业发展具有一定优势，但同时也存在不少问题和困难。本文综合阐述了近几年伊犁州直奶业发展现状，通过分析奶业发展的优势、不足及存在的问题，提出了今后的发展方向和对策。     

Evaluation of the efficiency of alternative two-tier nucleus breeding systems designed to improve meat sheep in Kenya

A deterministic approach was used to genetically and economically evaluate the efficiency of five two‐tier nucleus breeding systems for meat sheep in Kenya. The nucleus breeding systems differed in terms of whether the system was closed or open, in the type of animals that were involved in the movement of genetic superiority and in the number of selection pathways in each system. These systems were compared under four alternative breeding objectives based on monetary genetic gain and profit per ewe. The first objective simulated a situation where the flock size cannot be increased due to non‐feed related constraints (FLOCK). The second specifically assumed that the flock size is restricted due to limited amount of feed resources (FEED). The third and fourth objectives assumed that sheep performed only tangible roles (TR) and both tangible and intangible roles (IR) in the production system respectively. Monetary genetic gains were highest for all objectives in an open nucleus system with a certain proportion of commercial‐born ewes being introduced in the nucleus while at the same time utilizing young rams from the nucleus to breed sires and dams for the nucleus and commercial sector (ONyre). Utilizing young rams in a closed nucleus system for the dissemination of superior genes resulted in higher annual monetary genetic gain than utilization of old rams. Profit per ewe was significantly higher for FLOCK and IR in ONyre. In a closed system that allowed for downward movement of dams from the nucleus to the commercial sector to breed sires and dams, profit per ewe was highest for FEED and TR. The success of a nucleus breeding system should also focus on the profitability and logistics of establishing it. The implication of these results on the choice of two‐tier nucleus breeding systems for the improvement of meat sheep is discussed.     

饲喂玉米型日粮的生长绵羊限制性氨基酸研究

本实验采用９ 只安装有瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管的生长羯羊, 采用随机区组试验设计,研究了饲喂以玉米、玉米蛋白粉和青干草为基础日粮的绵羊消化道不同部位营养物质流通量,以及由十二指肠瘘管按“递减法”灌注不同氨基酸［Ａ：减赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ） ;Ｂ：减蛋氨酸（ Ｍｅｔ） ;Ｃ１ ：全量;Ｄ：减苏氨酸（Ｔｈｒ） ;Ｅ：减组氨酸（Ｈｉｓ） ;Ｃ２ ：全量;Ｆ：减精氨酸（ Ａｒｇ） ;Ｇ：减色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ） ;Ｃ３ ：全量］ 对绵羊体内氮沉积、血浆尿素氮（ＰＵＮ） 、血浆游离氨基酸（ＦＡＡ） 浓度等指标的影响。结果表明：饲喂玉米型日粮的绵羊瘤胃食糜流通速率（ Ｋｐ） 为５ ．０９ ％ ～６ ．１５ ％ ／ ｈ , 进入十二指肠中微生物蛋白占总氮的比例为１７ ．７９ ％ ～３０ ．４３ ％ 。绵羊十二指肠中Ｍｅｔ 、Ｌｙｓ 、Ｈｉｓ 和Ａｒｇ 流量偏低,而Ｌｅｕ 的流量较高。与对照组（Ｃ１ 、Ｃ２ 、Ｃ３） 相比,减少Ｌｙｓ 、Ｍｅｔ 、Ｔｈｒ 、Ｈｉｓ 、Ａｒｇ 和Ｔｒｐ 组的绵羊体内沉积氮（ｇ／ ｋｇ Ｗ０ ．７５） 分别下降２３ ．５０ ％ 、４６ ．６７ ％ 、２８ ．６６ ％ 、１５ ．００ ％ 、１７ ．３３ ％ 和１５ ．８９ ％ ;日增重分别下降３７ ．０４ ％ 、５３ ．１７ ％     

现代集约化肉羊业主要关键技术研究与应用

专门化肉用种羊选定、引进后，通过适应性研究，在较大规模养羊业生产实践中。对现代集约化肉羊业的主要关键技术进行研究、完善和创新，组装集成并应用于生产。技术研究应用结果既为市场提供了大批专门化肉用种羊和优质安全的杂种肉羊，取得了高水平的研究成果及显著的经济效益和社会效益．又为我国目前正在迅速发展的集约化肉羊业提供了可靠的技术支持和理想的生产模式：从适宜的专门化肉羊品种到运用高效母羊快速扩繁技术．建立和完善有效的肉羊杂交利用体系，普遍应用种羊鲜、冻精生产大批肉用杂种羔羊，种植高产优质饲草及其科学加工调制和利用．建立严格兽医防疫制度．实行放牧 补饲或全舍饲的精细管理和集约化育肥，至生产优质、安全、标准肉羊，获得显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

胰岛素样生长因子及其受体mRNAs在绵羊生殖系统中的表达和分布

为检测胰岛素样生长因子（IGFs）及其受体（IGFR）mRNAs在绵羊发情周期早期卵巢、子宫和输卵管中的表达,探讨绵羊胚胎早期发育过程中其发育环境——生殖道中生长因子的表达、分泌及其作用,取绵羊发情周期早期卵巢、子宫和输卵管,经固定、切片、免疫染色,观察IGFs mRNAs的表达和分布情况。同时用RT-PCR技术研究了各组织中IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-Ⅱ、IGF-ⅠR、IGF-ⅡR mRNAs的表达情况。结果表明,IGFs mRNAs在绵羊发情周期早期的卵巢、子宫和输卵管中都有表达,4种因子表达模式相似：在卵巢中,IGFs主要定位于卵泡颗粒细胞,间质细胞亦有少量表达。在输卵管中,上皮细胞免疫染色呈阳性;在子宫中,腺细胞及上皮细胞的阳性信号强于固有层。RT-PCR检测表明IGFs mRNAs在3种组织中均有表达。