不同剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量及品质的影响

为明确不同纤维剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量和品质的影响,以苎麻品种‘中苎3号’为试验材料,研究了3种剥制机械（简易刮麻器、回拉式剥麻机、反拉式剥麻机）对原麻颜色、出麻率、单纤维强力和含胶量的影响。结果表明,不同机械剥制原麻产量与品质存在显著差异。3种机器剥制的原麻颜色均偏黄色,简易刮麻器剥制的麻纤维明度最亮,反拉式剥麻机剥制的原麻红色最深。简易刮麻器剥制麻与回拉式剥麻机剥制麻出麻率无显著差异,显著低于反拉式剥麻机剥制麻,但反拉式剥麻机出麻率较高,原因主要是总胶质含量显著较高（28.21%）。不同剥制机械所获原麻的单纤维强力也存在显著差异,由高到低依次为简易刮麻器＞回拉式剥麻机＞反拉式剥麻机。综上所述,简易刮麻器剥制原麻质量最好,回拉式剥麻机优于反拉式剥麻机。上述结果为苎麻剥麻机的选择提供理论依据。     

硬质海岸防护设施的生态效应与对策

虽然滨海地区占地球陆地面积不足4%,但沿海生境是全球最有价值的自然资源之一。世界上超过三分之一的人口生活在距海岸线100 km的范围内。气候变化和人类活动使得全球海岸侵蚀和风暴潮威胁加重。海岸防护可以有效抵御海岸侵蚀、风暴风险和海平面上升。本文概述了全球主要沿海国家和地区（欧盟、美国、中国）海岸硬化情况以及海岸硬化带来的生态效应。欧洲海岸线硬化比例为10%（2006年）,美国海岸的硬化比例为14%（2015年）,而中国海岸线的硬化比例近60%（2014年）。海岸硬化会引起滨海湿地重要物理、化学和生物过程的改变,生境丧失和破碎化,以及生物连通性的改变。增加硬化设施的结构复杂性或由混合型海岸代替传统硬化海岸可以减轻海岸硬化对滨海湿地生态系统的威胁,但对硬质海岸和混合型海岸的生态服务功能以及抵御风暴能力的评估还比较缺乏,有待进一步研究。     

黎藤节间与节部纤维形态特征的径向变化

为了更好地指导藤材的合理利用,缓解日益紧张的木材供需矛盾,采用显微图像分析方法,对3组黎藤试样2m处藤节间与节部的纤维形态特征进行了观察与统计,并进行对比与分析。结果显示,黎藤节间与节部纤维的长度、宽度、长宽比、腔径、双壁厚分别为981.779和921.271μm、7.786和8.719μm、130.822和113.021、3.716和3.669μm、4.070和5.051μm。由藤芯到藤皮节间处纤维长度和长宽比均呈现先增后降的趋势,节部处纤维长度和长宽比、节间纤维宽度均呈现逐渐下降的趋势;节间、节部处纤维腔径及节部宽度均呈现先降后增的趋势;节间处双壁厚呈现逐渐下降的趋势,节部处双壁厚呈逐渐增加的趋势。经F检验,在0.05水平上节间与节部处纤维宽度和双壁厚存在极显著差异。平均纤维微纤丝角为42.71°,变化区间在39.38°～46.03°;平均纤维素结晶度为46.96%,变化区间在44.10%～49.82%,且藤皮处结晶度大于藤芯处。     

吴起县"果用型"沙棘林分改造技术

1998年以来,吴起县共在退耕地营造沙棘林12.53万hm2,人均1hm2,吴起也成为全国沙棘种植面积最大的县。但退耕8年后,农民的生计如何解决,是一个迫切需要回答的问题。本文对“果用型”沙棘林分改造技术进行了一些探讨,提出对退耕地中条件较好的4万hm2雌株沙棘林,在保证密度、不破坏地被物、不引起水土流失的前提下,进行适度改造,以形成良好的结果冠形,增加结实量,借此增加农民的采果叶收入,提高其种植、管护、经营沙棘林的积极性,从而实现生态、经济“双盈”的目标。     

High vegetative compatibility diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica infecting sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Britain indicates multiple pathogen introductions

Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was identified in Devon, UK, in December 2016. Intensive surveys detected the disease at further sites in Devon (seven), Berkshire (one), Dorset (one), Derbyshire (four) and a cluster of eight sites in southeast London. Over 570 survey samples were tested, and 227 were positive for C. parasitica by isolation and real-time PCR. A total of 227 isolates were tested for mating type, and 197 screened for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and compared with VCGs known from mainland Europe. The same isolates were also screened for the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). Eleven VCGs were identified within the UK population. Five corresponded to already known European VCGs but six were unique. The European VCGs mainly came from the Devon, Dorset, Berkshire and Derbyshire disease outbreaks, whilst unique VCGs were almost exclusively from the southeast London cluster. Both mating types were detected, but only one mating type was present at each site, with the exception of a single Devon site. Perithecia of C. parasitica were never observed at any site. CHV-1 was found in seven isolates from three different locations and was always subtype-I, which has limited hypovirulence. Therefore, although CHV-1 is associated with C. parasitica at some outbreaks, it probably has limited impact on virulence. The diversity of VCGs and their distribution at outbreak sites, together with findings of CHV-1, suggests C. parasitica has been introduced to the UK multiple times over at least two decades through international plant trade.     

纤维素酶处理荞麦秸秆对其纤维结构和滩羊肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究荞麦秸秆经不同酶活纤维素酶处理对其发酵前后纤维结构、营养成分、微生物数量以及滩羊肉品质的影响.本试验分为两部分,第1部分为酶处理试验,第2部分为饲养试验.酶处理试验共设计3个组,分别为对照组(未经酶处理的荞麦秸秆),试验I组(纤维素酶I处理的荞麦秸秆),试验Ⅱ组(纤维素酶Ⅱ处理的荞麦秸秆),每组3个重复....     

面向对象多层次多尺度分割的农用大棚类型信息提取

为对不同农用大棚类型信息进行识别分类和精细化提取,以内蒙古河套灌区不同大棚类型为研究对象,基于Sentinel-2A卫星数据,采用面向对象结合多层多尺度分割技术和阈值分类方法,对大棚类型信息进行提取并对最终提取结果展开精度评价和分析研究。首先利用尺度参数估计（Estimation of Scale Parameter2, ESP2）方法进行了分层分割并优选出最佳分割尺度,在各层最优分割尺度上进行光谱、指数、几何、纹理等特征的提取与优化,获取最优特征组合;然后运用多层多尺度分割阈值分类方法提取不同大棚类型信息。结果表明不同大棚类型信息总体精度达94.8%,kappa系数达0.93。其中：塑料大棚的制图精度和用户精度分别为95.3%和96.6%;单屋面温室大棚制图精度和用户精度分别为88.5%和92.6%。基于多层多尺度分割分类的信息提取方法分别考虑了不同地物最优分割尺度,在不同地物各自的最优分割尺度上提取其信息,以抑制过度分割或亚分割现象,从而降低错分或漏分。因此,高分辨率卫星数据与面向对象多层多尺度分割分类的信息提取方法能够有效提高大棚类型信息提取精度,且能为地物信息精细提取技术体系提供一定参考思路。     

Influence of pH and temperature on force development and shortening velocity in skinned muscle fibres from fish

Three species of fish were studied: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) (from the North Sea, temperature 2 to 12°C) andNotothenia neglecta (from Antarctica, temperature –2 to +2°C). Single fast muscle fibres were isolated from anterior myotomes and skinned with detergent in order to directly determine the effects of pH and temperature on force production and shortening velocity.In all species maximum force production (Po) was independent of pH over the range 7.3–8.0. Decreasing the pH from 7.3 to 6.6 reduced maximum force by 28% in fibres fromG. morhua andN. neglecta but had no effect on fibres fromM. scorpius. The depression in maximum force with acidosis was accompanied by a proportional decrease in stiffness and an increase in the rate of force recovery after stretch.Unloaded contraction velocity of cod fibres (Vmax) showed a pH optimum at around pH 7.6 decreasing by 31% at pH 6.6. Vmax of fibres from the other species was independent of pH over the range 6.6–8.0.The effects of pH on Po and Vmax were similar at 0 and 10°C. Thus for maximally activated fibres both force and contraction velocity are independent of temperature induced changes in pH. In some species acidosis depresses contractility and is likely to be a contributory factor to muscle fatigue.     

Chemical and Thermal Properties of Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Meat

Chemical compositions and thermal properties of cultured freshwater prawn meat (FPM) were studied. FPM contained 83.2% protein (dry basis), 62.7% of which was myofibrillar protein. Pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) and insoluble collagen (ISC) contents were 0.63 and 0.32%, respectively. Both collagens were similar to type V collagen from porcine placenta. Glutamic acid/glutamine, arginine, aspartic acid/?asparagine, and lysine were abundant amino acids in FPM. Glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and aspartic acid/?asparagine were predominant in both collagens. FPM exhibited thermal transition temperatures (T_max) of 48.3 and 64.7°C, whereas T_max of PSC and ISC were 43.0 and 46.0°C, respectively. Textural changes in FPM during post-mortem storage on ice are plausibly dependent upon its compositional and thermal properties.     

杂交鲌"先锋1号"肌肉营养成分分析及品质评价

为探明杂交鲌“先锋1号”与其母本翘嘴鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)(♀)和父本黑尾近红鲌(Ancherythroculter nigrocauda)(♂)的营养品质差异,对三种鲌肌肉营养品质进行了测定和评价。结果显示:杂交鲌水分含量显著高于父本,粗脂肪含量显著低于父本,灰分含量显著低于母本。杂交鲌肌肉的胱氨酸(Cys)含量显著高于母本,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)高于父本。杂交鲌肌肉中十五碳烷酸(C15∶0)、α-亚麻酸(C18∶3)的相对含量显著高于翘嘴鲌和黑尾近红鲌。杂交鲌肌肉硬度显著高于母本,肌肉弹性显著低于父本;铁含量与父本无显著差异,但显著高于母本。结果表明,杂交鲌“先锋1号”肌肉营养成分兼具双亲的优良性状,表现出一定的杂交优势,是一种优质的营养资源。