产仔季节对长大二元杂种母猪产仔性能的影响

[目的]最大限度地发挥长大二元杂交母猪的繁殖潜力,实现经济效益。[方法]根据安徽某商业猪场2008年母猪正常分娩记录,分析了季节因素（月份）对长大母猪窝产仔数、窝健仔数、窝畸形数、窝弱仔数、窝死胎数和窝木乃伊数影响。[结果]3月窝产仔数及窝健仔数达全年最高位,分别为12.08和10.76头;7-9月则低于年平均值,8月份最低,分别为11.53头和9.84头。窝畸形数以6-8月较高,8月份最高,达0.38头;7-10月窝弱仔数和窝死胎数均较高,10月份达全年最高,分别为1.06头和0.48头;6-9月份窝木乃伊数较高,9月份最高,达0.23头。[结论]产仔季节（月份）对长大母猪窝产仔数、窝健仔数、窝畸形数、窝弱仔数、窝死胎数和窝木乃伊数均有显著影响,其中7-9月高温季节对上述繁殖性状的影响较大。     

微生物发酵床母猪大栏养殖猪舍结构设计

研究提出全程接触式微生物发酵床母猪大栏饲养系统猪舍设计,整个猪舍用地规划面积5 700 m2,边缘留有绿化带和工作场所.接触式微生物发酵床母猪大栏养殖系统猪舍长93 m、宽33 m,总面积3 069 m2,其中办公室面积60m2,走道107 m2,发酵床长88.7 m、宽27.7m,面积2 902 m2,占猪舍总面积的95％,垫料高度80 cm,垫料体积2 321m3,椰糠十谷壳垫料约733 t.在一个大空间微生物发酵床上,设计安排公猪养殖、后备母猪、怀孕母猪、母猪产床、保育仔猪等养殖区.微生物发酵床母猪大栏养殖猪舍系统装备设计了自动喂料系统、自动喷淋系统、怀孕母猪自动定位栏系统、母猪产床系统、风机水帘降温系统,视频监控系统、环境参数包括光、温、水、湿、CO2、NH3等自动监控系统.在各个养殖区域设计了采食槽和饮水槽,饮水槽设计了溢流管,排除多余的水.整个猪舍饲养母猪500头,每头母猪平均占有发酵床的面积是4.9 m2,年出栏仔猪10 000头.     

The effect of short-term phytase supplementation on the apparent total tract digestibility of calcium and phosphorus and the reproductive performance of late gestation and lactating sows fed diets without mineral phosphorus

The objective of this study was to measure apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P as well as reproductive performance in late gestation and lactating sows supplemented with a novel phytase and to compare the response to phytase supplementation between late gestation and lactating sows. A total of 45 late gestation sows and 45 lactating sows were used in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, in a completely randomized design. The sows were provided with a control diet or the control diet supplemented with 187.5 or 375 FYT phytase/kg feed for 10 days. The diets were prepared according to the formulas in use for production but without any inorganic P supplement. Titanium dioxide was included at 3 g/kg feed as an indigestible marker. Each dietary treatment was replicated with 15 sows individually housed in farrowing stalls. The sows were allowed to adapt to the experimental diets for 5 days before a 5-d fecal collection by grab sampling, and the performance of the sows and their litters were measured until weaning. The results showed that the ATTD of Ca increased linearly (P < 0.001), while the ATTD of P increased both linearly and quadratically (P < 0.01) with increasing supplementation of phytase in both late gestation and lactating sows. There was no significant effect of phytase on the ATTD of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy, and the performance of the sows and their progenies. The phytase added at 187.5 and 375 FYT/kg feed released 0.07% and 0.10% digested P, respectively, in late gestation sows, which compared with 0.09% and 0.12% digested P in lactating sows. In conclusion, a novel phytase at 187.5–375 FYT/kg feed could release 0.07–0.12% digestible P for sows. It appeared that using the P digestibility values of feed ingredients listed by NRC to formulate a diet for sows might overestimate dietary P supply and a greater response to phytase supplementation could be expected in lactating sows than in late gestation sows.     

妊娠母猪背膘和哺乳期采食量对繁殖性能的影响

根据海南俊英云龙种猪场5个生产车间选取的妊娠母猪在产前时的背膘厚度的分析,得出妊娠母猪背膘厚对断奶仔猪数影响差异显著(P0.05),对总采食量和母猪断奶体重影响差异极显著(P0.01)。     

胎次和膘情对外源激素调控乏情母猪繁殖效果的影响

试验选用优质进口催情激素药物处理 112头乏情母猪 ,研究结果表明 ,母猪的胎次和膘情对于外源激素的繁殖调控效果有明显的影响 :( 1)在母猪胎次分组中 ,后备猪与经产猪的促发情率分别为 80 %和 92 3% ,配种分娩率分别为 2 5%和 58 33%。 ( 2 )在膘情分组中 ,各组的促发情率除了膘情过肥母猪最低 ( 2 0 % ) ,其他组为 10 0 % ;配种分娩率中膘情过肥和过瘦母猪最低( 0 ) ,而膘情适中、偏肥和偏瘦组的分别为 4 6 15% ,31 2 5%和 68 75%。     

Influence of mastitis metritis agalactia (MMA) on bone and fat metabolism

Mastitis metritis agalactia (MMA) is a common disease in post-partum sows and has a negative effect on sows’ longevity as well as on sows’ and piglets’ health. MMA leads to an inflammatory state. The aim was to investigate the impact of MMA on bone and fat metabolism. The hypothesis was that it is possible to predict MMA by measuring ketone bodies and bone markers. Blood samples from 175 sows were taken within 72 hr after farrowing. Serum was analysed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)-D), serum crosslaps (CTX-I), osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), triglycerides (TG), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and haptoglobin. Spontaneous urine was collected, and pH value was measured in addition to Ca and P. A proximate analysis of the sows’ diets was performed. Age, litter size, body condition score (BCS) and clinical signs of MMA were recorded for each sow. A multivariable logistic regression was undertaken with disease status (MMA or healthy) as the dependent variable. Significance was accepted at p < .05. MMA sows had a poorer BCS (p < .001) in relation to healthy sows. Age and number of piglets did not differ. MMA sows showed increased serum CTX-I (p = .004) and decreased serum OC (p < .001). Concentrations of P (p = .007), activity of ALP (p = .002) and BHB (p = .019) as well as TNF-α (p < .001) and haptoglobin (p = .048) concentrations were increased in MMA sows. No difference in urinary pH value between MMA and healthy sows was found. Our results are in accordance with the known fact that sows are in an extreme catabolic state peripartum. Bone metabolism in MMA sows is much more negatively affected than in healthy sows post-partum, due to inflammatory processes shown by higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines.     

母猪妊娠期不同能量水平对后代公猪生长性能、睾丸发育与免疫的影响

试验旨在研究母猪妊娠期能量水平对后代睾丸发育与免疫的影响及其作用机理。选取30头体重、背膘相近的7~9胎长白×约克夏（LY）经产母猪,按照体重和胎次随机分为2组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头母猪,从妊娠当天分别饲喂正常能量（CON）和低能量饲粮（LE,12.55 MJ/kg）,直到分娩,所有母猪哺乳期均饲喂同一饲粮。分娩后,分别从CON和LE组中挑选体重为平均体重±0.05 kg的后代公猪各15头,断奶后所有公猪按阶段饲喂相同饲粮,于仔猪120日龄时结束试验。记录公猪每个月的体重并计算阶段平均日增重和平均日采食量;采集28和120 d的血液进行血清生化指标和免疫相关细胞因子检测,采集28和120 d的睾丸进行睾丸细胞计数和睾丸免疫相关基因检测。结果表明,与对照组相比,LE组0~59 d平均日增重极显著降低（P<0.01）,28~89 d平均日采食量和0 d睾丸重显著降低（P<0.05）,28 d睾丸指数显著增加（P<0.05）;LE组0和120 d睾丸组织内间质细胞数目、120 d生殖细胞数目、28和120 d支持细胞数目均显著降低（P<0.05）;LE组血清中28 d甘油三酯（TG）和120 d睾酮（T）含量均极显著升高（P<0.01）、雌二醇（E₂）含量极显著降低（P<0.01）,TG、T和E₂含量均存在时间和能量的交互作用（P<0.01）;LE组血液中胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）的含量120 d时极显著降低（P<0.01）,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、TC、HDL-C三者均无时间和能量的交互作用（P>0.05）。随着公猪日龄增加,血液中白细胞介素-1α（IL-1α）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、免疫球蛋白（IgG）浓度均极显著增加（P<0.01）,其中TNF-α和IL-1β有能量和时间的交互作用。与对照组相比,LE组28 d时TNF-α含量显著降低（P<0.05）,120 d时IL-1β水平显著升高（P<0.05）。LE组28 d紧密连接蛋白1（ZO1）及0和28 d闭合蛋白（Occludin）基因相对表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,28和120 d时连接黏附分子1（JAM1）基因相对表达量显著增加（P<0.05）。LE组0 d时CCL4基因和28 d时IL-1α基因相对表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,0和120 d时趋化因子2（CCL2）基因及28 d时细胞间黏附分子1（ICAM1）和酪氨酸激酶2（JAK2）基因相对表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,28 d时Toll样受体1（TLR1）基因、0 d时肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员Ⅰ型（TNFRSF1A）基因相对表达量均显著降低（P<0.05）,0 d时B细胞κ轻肽基因增强子核因子抑制因子（NFKBIA）、IL-1β和干扰素（IFNG）基因相对表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）。综上所述,母猪妊娠期摄入12.55 MJ/kg能量水平饲粮可降低后代公猪日增重、平均日采食量和睾丸重;降低后代公猪睾丸内生殖细胞数量及免疫相关细胞因子和睾丸免疫相关基因的表达,从而对后代成年后的免疫能力和繁殖性能产生深远影响。     

诱导青年母猪卵泡发育及排卵效果

应用孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)制剂对43头青年母猪进行诱导排卵,研究了其卵泡发育及排卵规律,并探讨了诱导处于卵巢机能静止期的母猪发情的最佳途径.结果表明,母猪接受交配时间越长,处理后的排卵效果越好,发情母猪初次交配时间集中在注药后69～126.5 h;卵泡发育总数为(11.90±4.41)个/头,与发情微弱及不发情母猪存在极显著差异(P<0.01),说明卵泡发育总数与母猪发情表现之间存在密切关系;进一步观察青年母猪早期胚胎发育的渐进性,发现进入输卵管内的胚胎处于2～4细胞期,进入子宫时处于4～8细胞期,时间在初配后51～59 h;胚胎全部进入子宫的时间在母猪初配后71～83.5 h,且诱导排卵不影响胚胎的质量.     

养殖规模对不同胎次母猪生产力的影响

为了比较不同规模猪场不同胎次母猪繁殖力的高低,本研究采集了106家不同规模猪场母猪的详细生产数据。按母猪实际存栏头数将猪场划分为<1 000、1 000~5 000、5 000~10 000和≥10 000头4个规模,分析不同规模猪场母猪1~9胎次活仔率、健仔率、畸形仔率、死胎率、木乃伊率、断奶活仔率及窝均产总仔数、窝均产活仔数、窝均产健仔数、窝均产死胎数、窝均断奶活仔数、窝均出生个体重、窝均出生窝重等相关繁殖指标的差异。结果表明,在胎次相同的情况下,猪场活仔率、健仔率和断奶活仔率随着饲养规模的扩大呈逐渐升高的趋势,而畸形仔率、死胎率和木乃伊率则呈相反趋势。母猪实际存栏头数≥10 000头的猪场1~7胎次（第4胎除外）的活仔率、健仔率和断奶活仔率均显著高于<1 000头猪场（P<0.05）,而与其他两个规模猪场差异不显著（P>0.05）。母猪存栏数<1 000头的猪场1、2、3、5、7胎次的死胎率显著高于其他3个规模猪场（P<0.05）。各个胎次的窝均产总仔数、产活仔数、产健仔数、畸形仔数、死胎数、木乃伊数、出生窝重都随着猪场饲养规模的扩大呈逐渐降低的趋势。<1 000头的猪场第2、3胎的母猪窝均产总仔数、产活仔数、产死胎数、窝均断奶活仔数、窝均出生窝重均显著高于其他3个规模猪场（P<0.05）。综上,养殖规模对不同胎次母猪生产力均产生较大影响,中大规模猪场（≥1 000头）的母猪繁殖力整体上低于小规模猪场（<1 000头）,但仔猪的体况和成活率要优于小规模猪场。     

成年母猪后肠木聚糖降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其对饲草纤维降解作用的研究

本研究旨在通过对内蒙古黑猪成年母猪后肠木聚糖降解菌的分离、筛选及鉴定,并对比研究筛选菌和瘤胃液对饲草纤维降解的作用,获得可高效降解木聚糖的菌株.以木聚糖为唯一碳源,根据筛选平板上菌株透明圈大小和发酵液中木聚糖酶活性分离得到了2株活性较高的木聚糖降解菌(分别命名为ZF和MZ).经形态学观察和16S rDNA核苷酸序列分析...