蔬菜潜叶蝇的发生规律与环境因素的关系

主要阐述了蔬菜潜叶蝇在大庆市自然气候条件下的动态规律,作物布局对潜叶蝇危害程度的影响以及温湿度对潜叶蝇蛹羽化率的影响.     

雨滴撞击植物叶片的运动过程监测装置的研制北大核心CSCD

植物对降雨动能的耗散削减是其重要的水土保持机制,然而缺乏相应的观测测量装置,使得对叶片动能的耗散过程认识并不清楚。为了研究植物叶片在雨滴撞击后的运动过程以及叶片运动能量的变化,以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)压电薄膜传感器为基础,研制有效检测雨滴撞击之后叶片的运动以及能量耗散测定的装置,对女贞叶片在雨滴击打下的振动进行测量并验证该装置可行性。在对雨滴撞击叶片过程仔细分析研究的基础上,进行监测装置的模块化自主设计,整个监测装置由雨滴发生、叶片运动的监测捕捉和信号的收集处理三个模块组成,其中雨滴发生模块可根据实际情况进行取舍(也可直接测定天然降雨)。薄膜传感系统输出的电压信号包含了雨滴撞击,小水滴飞溅以及薄水层扩散等方面信息。系统输出的电压是背景的几倍到几十倍,电压上峰值和雨滴动能存在明显的线性关系(R^(2)=0.959),信号频域分析发现该系统也能有效捕获连续雨滴撞击树叶的振动信号特征。对于不同动能的雨滴,重复之间的变异系数为<10%的弱变异和10%~100%的中等变异,说明整个装置具有良好的系统稳定性。女贞叶片耗散的能量与雨滴输入能量之间具有明显函数关系,叶片所耗散的动能仅占初始雨滴动能的3%~5%,这可能与没有监测以叶柄扭动、振动的过程有关。该装置可监测雨滴撞击叶片所引起的运动情况和叶片对雨滴动能的耗散特征,有利于深入认识植物对降雨动能耗散的机制。     

甜瓜不同品种叶表皮特性与光合速率的观测

对4个甜瓜品种进行叶表皮显微观察、叶绿素含量和光合速率测定,结果显示,甜瓜不同品种间叶表皮气孔、表皮毛数量、叶绿素含量有很大差别。其中气孔平均数量变化范围在519～805个/mm2、表皮毛数量在28.2～62.1个/mm2、统计分析达到极显著差异;叶绿素含量在22.0～39.8 靏/cm2之间;光补偿点品种间变化差异不显著,自然光照条件下3个品种的光合速率变化不明显,但“皇后”的光合速率显著的低于其它3个品种。进一步对气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度测定结果分析认为皇后光合速率低是由于低的气孔导度引起;比较叶绿素含量与光合速率结果表明在正常绿叶品种中二者变化无相关性。     

马尾松叶表微生物多样性

为发掘对林木生长发育有利的优良微生物资源,并筛选适合叶表微生物的收集方法,以马尾松针叶为试验材料,分别用悬摇法和超声波法收集马尾松叶表微生物,用扩增子高通量测序技术、MUSCLE和Qiime软件研究马尾松叶表微生物的多样性。结果表明:扫描电镜观测结果显示,马尾松针叶表面定殖有大量微生物,包括真菌(菌丝及孢子)和细菌。扩增子高通量测序结果表明,马尾松叶表微生物物种丰富,包含细菌运算分类单位(OTUs)490个,真菌OTUs 1273个。马尾松叶表细菌以未分类的蓝细菌属(unidentified_Cyanobacteria)(36.53%)、未分类的拜叶林克氏菌属(unidentified_Beijerinckia)(28.60%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(2.35%)为优势属;叶表真菌以枝孢属(Cladosporium)(2.45%)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)(0.92%)、无头孢菌属(Capnobotryella)(0.91%)为优势属。针对叶表细菌多样性的研究表明,悬摇法和超声波法均有较高的物种检出度;在叶表真菌多样性的研究中超声波法优于悬摇法,但超声波法样品间数据变异性较大,测定结果不稳定。     

Improvement of Time-Driven Models of Lamina Cocksfoot Digestibility by a Process-Based Model to Take Account of Plant N Nutrition and Defoliation

For management purposes, models of lamina digestibility (D_W) that are thermal time driven (T_sum) fail to account for plant nitrogen status (0 < Ni < 1) and defoliation intensity (residual sheath height: S_r). The objective of this paper was to enrich them using a functional processed-based model, which assumes that the decline in D_W over time depends on the metabolic : structural tissue ratio and plant ageing. An experiment combining two N fertilizer rates and two defoliation regimes (differences in S_r) for two spring and two summer regrowth was done to analyse D_W of laminae (youngest fully expanded) and tiller (whole green lamina) levels. For laminae, we show that both processes contribute to explain the decline in D_W at a rate that depends on Ni but not on S_r. For tillers, consistent results were found justifying the use of a simple model: D_W = f(+Ni; −Ni × T_sum; −S_r). Two different databases (from experiment and commercial farms) were used for validation: RMSD varied from 35 to 49 g kg⁻¹. The process-based model strengthened the empirical model and improved the comprehensiveness of how management practices change D_W. We used both models to create applications for reasoning yield in function of herbage mass in complement than in function of time.     

An evaluation of Colwell‐P as a measure of plant‐available phosphorus in soils of volcanic and non‐volcanic origins in the highlands of Papua New Guinea

Various soil test methods including Olsen, Colwell, Bray and Truog have been used to assess the levels of plant‐available P (PAP) in soils situated in the highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Up until now, though, there has been no guarantee that these tests provide valid assessments of PAP in these somewhat atypical organic matter‐rich tropical soils. Furthermore, the critical soil‐P concentrations associated with the tests have been based on studies conducted elsewhere in sub‐tropical and temperate latitudes and as such may or may not be valid for soils or cropping situations in PNG. Soil (Colwell)‐P and leaf‐P data collected during a recent survey of sweet potato gardens in the highlands of PNG were therefore used to determine if useful relationships existed between these variables for different groups of soils, and if they do, to use these relationships to evaluate critical soil Colwell‐P concentrations corresponding to a known critical concentration of P in sweet potato index leaf tissue. Separate, highly significant linear relationships were obtained between leaf‐P and Colwell‐P for soils of volcanic and non‐volcanic origins. Based on these relationships, the critical Colwell‐P concentration for volcanic soils was found to be four times greater than that for non‐volcanic soils, presumably because much of the P extracted from the former soils with alkaline sodium bicarbonate had been chemically ‘fixed’ via sorption and precipitation reactions with sesquioxides and rendered unavailable to plants at ambient soil pH. These critical Colwell‐P concentrations if adopted as benchmark values for the soil groups in question should ensure that the results of future soil fertility surveys involving Colwell‐P assessments are correctly interpreted.     

Growth Analysis, Herbage and Seed Yield of Certain Forage Legume Species Under Rainfed Conditions

The need to increase forage production for the growing livestock population in the Mediterranean region necessitates the evaluation of various promising forage species with respect to maximum herbage yield, optimum time for harvest and seed yield. Seven forage legumes, woolly pod vetch ( Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa accession 683), narbon vetch (V. narbonensis accession 67), common vetch ( V. sativa selections 2541, 2037, 2020), common chickling ( Lathyrus sativus selection 439) and ochrus chickling ( L. ochrus selection 104) were compared over two years with contrasting rainfall. In both years the entries were sown in November and their primary growths sampled periodically during growth. For each sample, phenology, total dry matter, leaf area index (LAI) and, at maturity, total dry matter, seed yield and harvest index, were recorded.
In both seasons, narbon vetch attained the highest dry matter and seed yields, and there was very limited variability in the maximum dry matter yield of the other entries. In general, the maximum dry matter occurred at 20–50 % podding in woolly pod vetch, 100 % podding in common vetch selection 2541 (local), narbon vetch and common chickling and at maturity in common vetch selection 2037, selection 2020 and ochrus chickling.
Throughout the vegetative to early flowering stages, woolly pod vetch had the highest dry matter yield and LAI. Possible uses of each species as animal feed are discussed.     

The Influence of Plant Water Stress on Net Photosynthesis and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The effect of plant water stress on net photosynthesis, leaf growth, yield and yield-related components were investigated in a single experiment in order to determine in which way water deficits affect sunflower yields.
Sunflower plants, grown under controlled temperature regimes, were stressed during budding, anthesis and seed filling by withholding water until the leaf water potential reached -1600 and -2000 kPa. Leaf area of unstressed plants significantly exceeded that of plants under severe stress during all growth stages investigated. The CO₂ uptake rate per unit leaf area as well as the total uptake rate per plant, significantly diminished with stress, while this effect drastically increased during the reproductive phase of the plant. Although this resulted in significantly smaller heads and kernels, it did not affect the number of seeds borne in the inflorescence. Severe stress during anthesis and seed filling resulted in more empty kernels. Moderate and severe stress during budding significantly lowered both grain and oil yields while plants that experienced moderate stress during anthesis and seed filling significantly outyielded those under severe stress.     

2007年昭平县稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟发生特点及成灾原因分析

稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟是昭平县水稻生产上的主要害虫 ,由于受到异常气候等因素的影响,2007年均达到大发生程度,害虫具有迁入峰期明显,迁入虫量大,发生面积大、范围广,田间虫口密度高,田间虫态结构复杂,为害严重等特点, 其原因主要与暴雨频繁、气候适宜、虫源地虫量充裕、成虫迁入数量大、田间残虫基数高、天敌控害能力下降等因素有关.在实际生产中,应加强田间虫情监测,准确掌握最佳防治时期,治前控后,减轻主害代防治压力,科学用药,改进施药方法,以提高施药防治效果.     

Resistance in Cucumis sativus L. to Tetranychus urticae Koch. 2. Designing a reliable laboratory test for resistance based on aspects of the host-parasite relationship

Summary The relationship between the twospotted spider mite and cucumber has been studied on plants and on leaf disks of a number of varieties with different levels of resistance. Existing laboratory tests are critically discussed and it appears that they are only reliable if many factors are taken into account. A new, more efficient laboratory test for resistance, measuring acceptance and reproduction is described.