APS8, a Polymeric Alkylpyridinium Salt Blocks α7 nAChR and Induces Apoptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Naturally occurring 3-alkylpyridinium polymers (poly-APS) from the marine sponge Reniera sarai, consisting of monomers containing polar pyridinium and nonpolar alkyl chain moieties, have been demonstrated to exert a wide range of biological activities, including a selective cytotoxicity against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. APS8, an analog of poly-APS with defined alkyl chain length and molecular size, non-competitively inhibits α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at nanomolar concentrations that are too low to be acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory or generally cytotoxic. In the present study we show that APS8 inhibits NSCLC tumor cell growth and activates apoptotic pathways. APS8 was not toxic for normal lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, in NSCLC cells, APS8 reduced the adverse anti-apoptotic, proliferative effects of nicotine. Our results suggest that APS8 or similar compounds might be considered as lead compounds to develop antitumor therapeutic agents for at least certain types of lung cancer.     

芒果采后增甜试验初步研究

[目的]研究蔗糖基聚合物对芒果的增甜作用。[方法]用5%的蔗糖基聚合物溶液处理芒果,研究其对果实中的蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性的影响。[结果]蔗糖基聚合物处理的芒果SS活性下降趋势比较缓慢,而且在保藏期间能保持较高的SS活性。处理推迟了芒果的SPS活性高峰的时间。在贮藏期间,除了在第5天的时候SPS活性略低于对照,其余时间均明显高于对照。同时,处理有利于采收后果实中蔗糖的积累,使得果实中可溶性固形物和总糖含量都得到明显的提高,改善了果实的品质,增甜效果明显。[结论]该研究为蔗糖基聚合物对芒果增甜作用机理的探讨奠定了基础。     

水分胁迫下保水剂对廊坊杨苗木生长特征的影响

对廊坊杨(Populus langfangensis W.)进行聚丙烯酰胺型保水剂(大颗粒、小颗粒、粉末)处理和盆栽控水试验,研究水分胁迫下,保水剂处理苗木对其生长特征和土壤水分的影响.结果表明:水分胁迫下,保水剂处理苗木能够显著增加苗木的基径、苗高,促进苗木的根系生长,增加根系数量、生物量和叶面积;显著增加土壤水分,在土壤严重干旱时,土壤中仍有充足的水分供植物生长利用;3种保水剂剂型中,小颗粒保水剂使用效果最好.     

Pesticidal seed coats based on azadirachtin‐A: release kinetics,storage life and performance

BACKGROUND: Infestation of seeds by pests during storage leads to deterioration in quality. Seed coating is an effective option to overcome the menace. Unlike synthetic fungicidal seed coats, little is known of those based on botanicals. This study aims at developing azadirachtin‐A‐based pesticidal seed coats to maintain seed quality during storage. RESULTS: Polymer‐ and clay‐based coats containing azadirachtin‐A were prepared and evaluated for quality maintenance of soybean seed during storage. Gum acacia, gum tragacanth, rosin, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyethyl methacrylate, methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and Agrimer VA 6 polymers and the clay bentonite were used as carriers. The time for 50% release (t_1/2) of azadirachtin‐A into water from the seeds coated with the different coats ranged from 8.02 to 21.36 h. The half‐life (T_1/2) of azadirachtin‐A in the coats on seed ranged from 4.37 to 11.22 months, as compared with 3.45 months in azadirachtin‐A WP, showing an increase by a factor of nearly 1.3–3.3 over the latter. The coats apparently acted as a barrier to moisture to reduce azadirachtin‐A degradation and prevented proliferation of storage fungi. Polyethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were significantly superior to the other polymers. Azadirachtin‐A showed a significant positive correlation with seed germination and vigour, and negative correlation with moisture content. CONCLUSION: Effective polymeric carriers for seed coats based on azadirachtin‐A are reported. These checked seed deterioration during storage by acting as a barrier to moisture and reduced the degradation of azadirachtin‐A. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

倍硫磷表面印迹聚合物的制备及表征

为了制备高吸附性和特异性的倍硫磷分子印迹聚合物,采用表面印迹技术,以硅胶为载体,倍硫磷为模板分子,合成的N,O-双异丁烯酰丝氨醇为功能单体,制备倍硫磷分子印迹聚合物;并通过傅里叶红外光谱、场发射扫描电镜和吸附试验对其性能进行研究。结果表明,在硅胶载体表面成功地接枝了倍硫磷印迹聚合物,印迹聚合物存在2类不同的结合位点,平衡离解常数(Kd)和最大表观结合量(Qmax)分别为K_(d1)=0.282μg·mL~(-1)、Q_(max1)=1.071μg·mg~(-1)、K_(d2)=0.669μg·m L~(-1)、Q_(max2)=0.483μg·mg~(-1),对倍硫磷的吸附在60~80 min内达到平衡。该印迹聚合物对倍硫磷具有选择性识别性能,可用于固相萃取介质,这为食品中倍硫磷的残留检测奠定了研究基础。     

有机磷农药残留分子印迹聚合物研究现状与展望

为解决有机磷农药在土壤及水体中的残留污染问题,分子印迹技术在该类农药残留检测中的应用研究已得到迅速发展。文章就有机磷农药分子印迹聚合物 (molecularly imprinted polymers,MIPs) 的研究背景、分子印迹技术基本原理及分类、计算化学在筛选优化虚拟模板及功能单体中的应用,以及有机磷农药残留MIPs的制备与应用研究等内容进行了综述。MIPs因具有结构可预测、特异识别和应用普遍的特性,可广泛用于光学传感、化学传感、电化学传感、光电传感、质量敏感传感、仿生催化及样品前处理等众多领域。可通过Discovery Studio、HyperChem及Gaussian 3种分子模拟软件对 (虚拟) 模板、功能单体以及二者所形成的加合物进行计算模拟以获得最低能量的优势构象,通过计算加合物的结合能来优化筛选 (虚拟) 模板和功能单体。将计算化学与实验研究相结合,相信在未来几年,有机磷农药残留MIPs有可能在原位显色传感、农产品农药残留高通量筛查及计算机自动化检测等领域得到长足发展。     

滴灌下施用保水剂对土壤水肥及玉米收益的影响

针对宁夏扬黄灌区严重缺水、土壤瘠薄、肥力低下等问题,在玉米苗期穴施不同用量(0,30,60,90和120 kg/hm²)的沃特保水剂,并以不施保水剂为对照,研究保水剂不同施用量对土壤水肥状况及作物生长的影响,以探寻玉米滴灌条件下砂质土壤田的保水剂最佳施用量.结果表明,在玉米整个生育期,0~100 cm土壤层贮水量随保水剂施用量增加而增加,施用保水剂90和120 kg/hm²处理使土壤贮水量,分别较对照显著提高14.0%和17.1%;施用保水剂60 kg/hm²处理下,土壤养分含量较对照显著增加,其保肥和供肥效果最佳;施用保水剂不同量可促进玉米生长,施用保水剂90 kg/hm²处理对玉米吐丝期的促进效果显著.与对照处理相比,施用保水剂60 kg/hm²处理对提高玉米水分利用效率、增产和增收效果最佳,分别较对照处理显著增加41.8%,22.2%和33.9%.因此,适量穴施沃特保水剂可有效改善土壤水肥状况,实现玉米增产增收,以施用保水剂60~90 kg/hm²为最优,适宜于在宁夏扬黄灌区进行推广应用.     

畦灌与保水剂配施对杨树根际土壤微环境特征及生长的影响

【目的】探讨畦灌与保水剂组合对杨树根际土壤微生态环境与生长的作用效果。 【方法】通过两年大田试验,研究了CK（常规畦灌）、BI₆₀（常规畦灌量60%）、BI₃₀（常规畦灌量30%）、BI₆₀S（60%常规畦灌量配施保水剂）和BI₃₀S（30%常规畦灌量配施保水剂）处理对欧美I-107杨树根际土壤中根系分泌物、理化特征、微生物数量及生长的影响。 【结果】同CK相比,BI₆₀S处理显著提高了根际土壤中根系分泌物含量,其中有机酸总量和氨基酸总量分别高出15.13%和9.23%;BI₆₀和BI₃₀处理导致根际土壤pH值显著升高,而BI₆₀S和BI₃₀S处理则使对应的pH值呈下降趋势,其中BI₆₀S处理分别比CK、BI₆₀、BI₃₀和BI₃₀S处理显著降低0.21、0.48、0.66和0.26个单位。BI₆₀S处理显著提高了根际土壤中速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,分别较CK提高16.72%、23.98%和20.11%;同时,BI₆₀和BI₃₀处理会导致中活性和低活性有机碳含量显著降低,而BI₆₀S和BI₃₀S处理能显著提高其活性。BI₆₀S处理亦能显著提高根际土壤细菌数,放线菌数,真菌数和微生物量碳、氮含量,其中细菌数分别较CK、BI₆₀、BI₃₀和BI₃₀S处理高出11.93%、62.74%、122.28%和16.33%。此外,该处理使欧美I-107杨林分的胸径、树高和材积平均生长率分别达到了25.37%、23.59%和64.06%,并显著高于其他处理。与BI₆₀S处理相比,BI₃₀S处理对杨树根际土壤和生长的影响效果不显著。 【结论】60%常规畦灌量配施保水剂更利于改善欧美I-107杨树根区微域的生态环境,有助于促进林分生长。     

保水剂施用方式对土壤含水量和微生物生物量及马铃薯产量的影响

采用穴施、沟施聚丙烯酰胺型(PAM)保水剂和聚丙烯酸钾型(PAA-K)保水剂,对马铃薯根际不同生育时期、不同土层土壤体积含水量、土壤微生物生物量碳、氮质量分数和马铃薯产量进行研究。结果表明:穴施保水剂较大程度提高横向和纵向土壤体积含水量,沟施处理次之,且施用PAM的效果好于PAA-K。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮质量分数随土层深度的递增逐渐降低,穴施PAM和PAA-K明显提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮质量分数,整体表现为穴施PAM穴施PAA-K沟施PAM沟施PAA-KCK(不施保水剂)。穴施、沟施保水剂处理明显地降低马铃薯小薯率,提高马铃薯产量和商品薯率,并且施用PAM的效果好于PAA-K,穴施的效果好于沟施。穴施PAM、PAA-K处理分别较CK产量提高12.07%和10.44%,沟施PAM、PAA-K处理的产量分别较CK提高7.38%和5.22%。马铃薯成熟期,土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤微生物生物量氮质量分数、产量及商品薯率呈极显著正相关;土壤体积含水量与土壤微生物生物量氮、土壤微生物生物量碳质量分数及产量呈显著正相关。穴施保水剂处理有效地提高土壤体积含水量及土壤微生物生物量碳、氮质量分数,显著提高马铃薯产量和商品薯率,效果优于沟施处理和CK,且穴施PAM效果最好。     

Use of hydrogels in the planting of industrial wood plantations

The quantity of available water in soil is crucial for plant growth, especially after transplanting as this water will enable the growth of new roots to facilitate nutrient and water uptake. Water absorbed by a hydrogel (superabsorbent polymer) has the potential to reduce drought stress after planting and to improve seedling survival. This article provides an overview of the concepts of post-plant water stress, a review of trials that tested application of hydrogels to forest tree species, and discussion on probable reasons for failure or success in the use of hydrogels. Hydrogels applied in pot trials, under controlled conditions, tended to have a higher frequency of positive survival responses compared with field trials (14 studies of the 17 (82%) in pot trials vs 15 of the 25 (60%) in field trials). In field trials, the application of hydrogels at planting had no effect on survival in seven of the 25 (28%) trials and had a negative effect in three of the 25 (12%) field trials included in this review. In the trials showing a positive response a hydrogel and water application improved survival by 18% and across all trials by 8%. The efficiency of hydrogels was probably influenced by the (1) chemicals present in the soil, (2) hydrogel quantity applied, (3) type of polymer, (4) hydrogel particle size distribution, (5) soil texture, (6) physical restrictions to hydrogel expansion, (7) hydrophilic nature of hydrogels, (8) unsaturated hydraulic conductivity between the substrate and the hydrogel particles, (9) application method and (10) planting conditions and rewatering. Due to this complexity and interactions between these factors it is difficult to provide site-specific recommendations for successful application of hydrogels in a forestry field setting. In general, application of hydrogels has been found to be more beneficial in sand or clay soils and to be of limited benefit in loam soils. Use of a hydrogel is not a replacement for good silviculture and has limited use as insurance against short periods of low rainfall. All efforts should be made to plant when environmental conditions are favourable for tree growth (i.e. wet soil and high probability of rainfall).