河北省大豆主要病原真菌鉴定及防治药剂筛选

【目的】明确引起河北省大豆植株主要病害的病原真菌种类,筛选能有效抑制所鉴定病原菌的杀菌剂,为河北省大豆病害化学防治提供依据。【方法】对采自河北省的大豆主要病原真菌根据病症采用组织分离法纯化培养,初步利用超景深和正置光学显微镜分别进行菌落、菌丝和孢子形态学的观察鉴定,然后利用通用引物ITS1-ITS4对5种不同病症的致病菌株rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增、测序分析,采用MEGA 7.0中邻接法（neighbor-joining,NJ）构建系统发育树,分析病原菌种之间的亲缘关系,对具有特异性引物序列的病原菌进行分子鉴定,通过病害和病原菌宏观形态、显微特征与分子生物学技术相结合从而明确引起河北省大豆植株主要真菌病害的病原菌种类;采用菌丝生长速率法和不同种类杀菌剂在离体叶片或幼茎上对大豆主要病害的防治效果筛选防治药剂。【结果】通过病原菌的宏观形态、显微结构和分子序列综合分析,确定分离自河北省大豆主产区的病原菌分别为木贼镰孢(Fusarium equiseti）、大豆炭疽菌(Colletotrichum chlorophyti）、茎点霉菌（Phoma herbarum）、链格孢(Alternaria alternata）、嘴突凸脐蠕孢(Exserohilum rostratum）,对应病害分别为大豆根腐病、炭疽病、茎点霉叶斑病、大豆黑斑病、凸脐蠕孢叶斑病。毒力测定结果显示,5种病原菌对三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑、氟菌唑、叶菌唑和甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂吡唑醚菌酯均敏感,木贼镰孢对甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂肟菌酯敏感,除木贼镰孢外的病原菌对酰胺类杀菌剂氟吡菌酰胺敏感,大豆炭疽菌和嘴突凸脐蠕孢对烷基多胺类杀菌剂辛菌胺敏感,大豆炭疽菌对有机硫类仿生杀菌剂乙蒜素敏感,EC₅₀值均低于10 μg·mL^-1;杀菌剂对大豆主要病害的防治效果结果显示,苯醚甲环唑、氟菌唑、叶菌唑、吡唑醚菌酯和肟菌酯对上述大豆主要病害防治效果均显著,氟吡菌酰胺对除大豆根腐病外的病害防治效果显著,辛菌胺、乙蒜素对大豆炭疽病和凸脐蠕孢叶斑病防治效果显著,防治效果分别达到90%以上。【结论】共鉴定出河北省大豆病原真菌及其对应病症病害5种;推荐三唑类甾醇抑制剂苯醚甲环唑、氟菌唑、叶菌唑和甲氧基丙烯酸酯类呼吸抑制剂吡唑醚菌酯作为河北省大豆主要真菌病害的优选兼治药剂。     

44份青海小麦品种（系）抗条锈性评价及抗条锈病基因检测

【目的】探明青海主栽与后备小麦品种（系）对小麦条锈病的抗性水平及部分抗条锈病基因的分布,为青海省高抗条锈病小麦品种的选育提供理论基础。【方法】利用小麦条锈菌优势生理小种CYR31、CYR32、CYR33、CYR34对44份供试小麦品种分别在温室和田间进行全生育期和成株期抗病性鉴定,利用抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24、Yr44的侧翼分子标记检测其抗病基因的分布。【结果】在供试的44个小麦品种（系）中,青麦1号、青春533和青春38等31份（70.4％）材料对CYR31表现抗病,青麦1号、青春533和青春38等35份（79.5％）材料对CYR32表现抗病,青麦1号、青春38、YZ282等35份（79.5％）材料对CYR33表现抗病,互麦13、云繁105、稷麦8号等35份（79.5％）材料对CYR34表现抗病;青春533、青春38、青春39等20份材料（系）表现成株期抗病性,占供试品种的45.4％,其中GY363和GY856 表现免疫,15-34-3、HYNM19-2和互紫麦1号等11份小麦品种表现高抗,青春38、青春39和稷麦8号等7份小麦品种（系）表现中抗,分别占总数的4.5％,25.0％和15.9％。分子检测结果表明,15-34-3、HYNM19-2、GY363等5份（11.3％）材料可能携带Yr5基因,云繁105、稷麦8号和15-34-3等11份（25.0%）材料可能携带Yr9基因,青春533、青春38、40-12-86等4份（9.1％）材料可能携带Yr10基因,互紫麦1号、YGW-46、GY363等5份（11.3％）材料可能携带Yr15基因,青麦5号、稷麦8号及15-34-3等15份（34.1％）材料可能携带Yr24基因,宁春51、15-34-3、19399-11等8份（18.1％）材料可能携带Yr44基因,其中航远L621未携带这6个抗病基因,但是全生育期表现抗病。【结论】青海省部分小麦品种（系）抗病性较高,今后应减少含有Yr9基因小麦品种的使用,加大含有多个抗病基因组合品种选育的力度。     

土壤病原微生物检测技术研究进展

病原微生物如细菌、病毒、真菌等广泛存在于土壤环境中,其严重威胁着全球公共卫生安全。发展病原微生物快速检测技术,对于减少病原菌扩散传播、防控传染性疾病、维护生物安全具有重要意义。本文对病原微生物检测技术的最新研究进展进行了综述,包括显色培养技术、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱、分子生物学技术、拉曼光谱技术、流式细胞技术和生物传感器等,并对其原理、应用及优缺点进行了全面比较。最后,对病原微生物检测技术的未来发展提出展望,旨在促进土壤环境病原微生物的快速检测和生物风险防控。     

乳源蜡样芽胞杆菌耐药性、毒力因子检测及分子特征研究

为了解乳品来源蜡样芽胞杆菌携带的毒力因子、分子特征及耐药性,对2016—2019年分离自乳品的122株蜡样芽胞杆菌,采用纸片扩散法（K-B纸片法）测定了分离株对氯霉素、庆大霉素等9种抗生素的耐药性,使用聚合酶链式反应法检测了菌株携带的毒力因子,同时采用脉冲场凝胶电泳（pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE）检测分离株的分子特征。结果表明,122株蜡样芽胞杆菌均对氯霉素、庆大霉素、阿米卡星敏感;对红霉素、克林霉素和环丙沙星的中介率分别为5.74%、4.92%和0.82%, 9.84%的菌株对复方新诺明具有耐药性,8.20%的菌株对四环素具有耐药性,4.10%的菌株对利福平具有耐药性。122株蜡样芽孢杆菌都检出了蜡样芽孢杆菌的非溶血型肠毒素基因nheA、nheB及肠毒素FM基因entFM;nheC、bceT、cytK、hblA、hblC、hblD、ces和EM1基因的检出率分别为99.18%、37.70%、31.15%、29.51%、24.59%、8.20%、、6.56%和6.56%。122株蜡样芽胞杆菌被分成15簇,未见明显的优势带型。由此可见,2016—2019年收集的蜡样芽胞杆菌乳品分离株携带多种毒力基因,约10%的菌株对复方新诺明、四环素、利福平等具有耐药性,PFGE呈现多种带型,为蜡样芽孢杆菌引起的食源性疾病的预警、预防和治疗提供参考。     

关于贝类遗传改良几个问题的讨论

贝类大多为雌雄异体，少数种类是雌雄同体，在雌雄异体的种类也有部分个体表现为雌雄同体，而且雌雄异体型贝类还常有性转变现象。养殖贝类大多行体外受精并具有配子量大、子裔数量多等特点。野生型贝类表型方差大，遗传变异水平高。可见，贝类是一群比较独特的动物，其生殖方面的某些特性与作物的共同点甚至超过与高等动物的共同点。因此仅依靠脊椎动物或植物的育种方法，难以解决好贝类的种质改良问题。     

Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding the β subunit of thyrotropin and regulation of its gene expression by thyroid hormones in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

A cDNA encoding the subunit of thyrotropin (TSH) was isolated from a goldfish (Carassius auratus) pituitary gland cDNA library. By comparing the sequence with other teleost TSHs, a signal peptide of 19 amino acids and a mature hormone of 131 amino acids were predicted for goldfish TSH subunits. The resulting putative mature hormone of 131 amino acids had well-conserved cysteine positions and a putative N-linked glycosylation site; homology was 51–67% with TSHs from other teleosts, 38–43% with tetrapod TSHs, but only 27 and 29% with goldfish GTH-I and -II, respectively. We also examined the effects of thyroid hormones (TH) and thiourea (TU, an inhibitor of TH production) treatments on TSH and GTH subunit gene expressions in the goldfish pituitary gland. After thyroxine (T₄) treatment, circulating T₄ concentration increased and TSH mRNA level decreased. Supressing the amount of circulating T₄ and triiodothyronine (T₃) by TU treatment increased the TSH mRNA level. Moreover, T₄ replacement therapy (simultaneous treatment of both TU and T₄) caused a high level of circulating T₄ and a low level of circulating T₃, and a decrease in the TSH mRNA level. Thus, changing levels of circulating TH exert a negative feedback on the level of TSH subunit mRNA in goldfish in vivo. On the other hand, GTH subunit mRNA levels were not affected by changes in the levels of circulating TH.     

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin analysis of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alexandrium</Emphasis> (Dinophyceae) occurring in Korean coastal waters

ABSTRACT:   Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins produced by Alexandrium isolates from Korea were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromography. Species designation of the regional isolates was determined by morphological criteria and ribotyping inferred from sequences of the 28S rDNA D1-D2 region. Toxin analysis performed at the exponential growth phase, revealed that the two strains of A. fraterculus were non-toxic, while the strains of A. tamarense and A. catenella were toxic. Toxic isolates DPC7 and DPC8 of A. catenella produced GTX1, 2, 3, 4, 5, dcGTX2, 3, C1, 2, neoSTX and STX with trace or non-detectable levels of C3 and C4, while isolates UL7, KDW981, SJW97043, SJW97046, KJC97111 and KJC97112 of A. tamarense produced GTX1, 2, 3, 4, dcGTX3, C1, 2, neoSTX with trace or non-detectable levels of C3, 4, dcSTX and STX, and no GTX5 and dcGTX2. The major toxins produced by A. catenella were C1 +2, and those of A. tamarense were C1 +2 and GTX4 in most of the isolates. A. tamarense strains other than SJW97046 produced a relatively high proportion of carbamate toxins, reflecting the high toxicity scores of shellfish intoxication in sampled coastal areas. Two representative toxic isolates, A. tamarense SJW97043 and A. catenella DPC7, were cultured for 30 days in batch mode and subjected to toxin analysis at 5-day intervals. Comparison of toxin productivity in terms of total toxin content, toxin components, and their variations with culture age revealed marked differences between the two strains.     

2012―2013年猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒河南流行株的分离鉴定及分子流行病学调查

为了解河南地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）流行毒株的遗传变异情况和发展趋势。通过RT-PCR方法,对2012―2013年采自河南省各地疑似病料进行PRRSV检测,并对阳性病料进行病毒分离鉴定及分子流行病学分析。结果显示：54份疑似病料中17份检测为阳性,阳性率为31.5%,并分离出3株PRRSV;通过完整的ORF5基因和部分NSP2基因序列遗传进化分析表明,河南地区流行毒株主要为美洲型PRRSV,且17份阳性样品中10份与高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（HP-PRRSV）高度同源、2份与经典PRRSV高度同源、另外5份与美洲流行毒株NADC30高度同源,该类毒株的NSP2基因在不同部位存在393个核苷酸缺失,国内尚未见相关报道。结果表明,2012―2013年河南地区PRRSV主要流行毒株为HP-PRRSV,同时出现了新的变异毒株,使河南地区乃至我国PRRSV变异种类更加多样化,提示加强PRRSV流行及变异的监测十分必要。     

玉米地方品种Glb1基因克隆及其遗传多样性分析

【目的】了解我国西南地区不同玉米地方品种的遗传多样性,为合理利用这些玉米种质资源提供参考。【方法】以西南地区12份玉米地方品种为材料,对Glb1基因片段进行克隆、测序及序列比对,分析其遗传多样性。【结果】12份玉米材料Glb1基因序列长度为1138-1149 bp,其序列一致性为96.21%。12份材料Glb1基因序列间存在较多的变异位点,大于等于3 bp的插入/缺失有8个,主要位于第81-84、122-128、161-164、368-371、428-442、668-680、966-976和1003-1011 bp。不同玉米地方品种材料间的遗传相似系数为96.50%-100.00%,平均为98.58%。根据聚类分析结果可将12份材料分为五大类,且来源于同一地区的玉米材料趋向于聚为一类。【结论】Glb1基因具有较高的保守性,所选材料间Glb1基因序列存在一定的遗传多样性,利用Glb1基因序列可作为鉴定不同玉米地方品种的一种理想分子标记。     

Postia placenta decay of acetic anhydride modified wood – Effect of leaching

Abstract

It is well established that acetylation of wood by the use of acetic anhydride is able to impart a significant degree of decay resistance. The aim of this work was to study how a standardized leaching procedure with water (EN 84) affected the degradation of acetic anhydride modified samples by the brown rot fungi Postia placenta compared to no leaching prior to incubation. Three different levels (low, medium, and high) of acetic anhydride modified Southern yellow pine (SYP; Pinus spp.) were tested. The samples were harvested after 4 and 28 weeks. We compared changes in mass loss, wood moisture content, fungal DNA, and gene expression from five genes. If leaching changes the acetylated samples and makes them more susceptible for fungal deterioration, the expected effect would be higher levels of these parameters. Generally, leaching resulted in few differences between leached and nonleached samples at low levels of acetylation, while no changes were found for the highest acetylation level. No differences were found in gene expressions after 28 weeks. The possible protection of acetylated wood against oxidative fungal degradation is suggested to be interpreted in combination with the lowered wood moisture content.