复合磷酸盐对鲜切牛肉肌球蛋白凝胶保水性的影响

研究了焦磷酸钠(SAP)、三聚磷酸钠(STP)、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)及复合磷酸盐对牛肉肌球蛋白凝胶保水性的影响。结果显示,当复合磷酸盐中SAP,STP和HMP的质量比为2∶1∶1,添加量为0.2%时,可获得最佳的感官品质和较好的凝胶保水性,影响凝胶保水性因素的主次顺序为SAP>HMP>STP,且SAP和HMP对凝胶保水效果具有显著影响。     

基于离散元法的板结草地破土切根刀优化设计与试验

不同结构形式的破土切根刀作业性能差异较大,为更好的打破草地土壤板结结构,对破土切根刀进行了结构设计与参数优化。应用离散元法构建土壤模型,并通过直剪试验对该模型进行参数标定;以破土切根刀的刃口角、滑切角及切齿角为试验因素,以耕作阻力、土壤扰动失效面积及比阻为目标参数,进行单因素试验和三因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,得到最优结构参数组合并加工优化破土切根刀进行草地试验。参数优化试验结果显示,当刃口角为37.8°、滑切角为33.6°、切齿角为51.8°时,破土切根刀作业效果最佳;草地试验表明,与三角形破土切根刀相比,优化破土切根刀在不同坚实度草地土壤的减阻率分别为11.8%和12.8%,作业后地表平整度更小且未出现明显翻垡,更符合草地作业农艺要求。研究结果可为破土切根刀的标准化设计提供理论依据。     

基于无人机遥感与卷积神经网络的草原物种分类方法

基于无人机高光谱成像遥感系统,在400～1 000 nm波段内采集低矮、混杂生长的荒漠草原退化指示物种的高光谱图像信息。分别在退化指示物种的开花期、结实期和黄枯期进行飞行实验,飞行高度30 m,高光谱图像地面分辨率2. 3 cm。采用特征波段提取与深度学习卷积神经网络相结合的方式,提出一种荒漠草原物种水平分类的方法,结合植物物候给出了中国内蒙古中部荒漠草原物种分类的推荐时相,总体分类精度和Kappa系数平均值分别达到94%和0. 91。研究结果表明,无人机高光谱成像遥感技术及深度卷积神经网络可以较好地实现荒漠草原退化指示物种的分类,与基于径向基核函数的支持向量机、基于主成分分析的深度卷积神经网络分类法相比,基于特征波段选择的深度卷积神经网络分类法效果最好,分类精度最高。无人机搭载高光谱成像仪低空遥感和卷积神经网络法提供了一种草原物种水平分类的途径。     

荒漠草原植被覆盖对土壤水分的影响

以希拉穆仁草原为研究对象,通过对不同植被覆盖下土壤水分进行测定,研究了荒漠草原植被覆盖对土壤水分的影响,结果表明:植被覆盖度与土壤水分之间具有显著的相关关系,尤其是10 cm深度范围内土壤水分随植被盖度呈二次抛物线性趋势增加(R2=0.904 9);由于根系层分布的差异使得土壤剖面不同深度上对这种影响的水分响应不尽相同,灌丛植被覆盖的土壤水分含量在剖面0～40cm范围内明显大于其他植被类型,以坡顶土壤含水量最低;荒漠草原植被覆盖状况变化不仅影响土壤水分含量大小,而且显著影响土壤水分的空间分布,退化较轻的河滩草甸植被有利于维持相对均匀的土壤水分空间分布.     

Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) mortality in relation to the winter mixed layer depth in the Kuroshio Extension region

A drastic population change in Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) has been noted as being related to winter sea surface temperature (SST) in the Kuroshio Extension region. The former studies suggest two possible explanations. One is that temperature itself affects sardine. The other is that SST represents the environmental change of the Kuroshio Extension region and other causes directly affecting sardine. In this study, we found that sardine mortality from post‐larva to age 1 negatively correlated with the winter mixed layer depth (MLD) in the Kuroshio Extension region from 1979 to 1993. During the period of a deep winter mixed layer (during the early 1980s), sardine mortality was low, whereas mortality was high when the winter mixed layer was shallow (during the late 1980s to early 1990s). By using a lower trophic‐level ecosystem model forced by the observed time series of MLD, SST, light intensity and nutrient data, we found that the estimated spring zooplankton density drastically varies from year to year and has a significant negative correlation with sardine mortality. The inter‐annual variation of spring zooplankton density is caused by the winter MLD variation. During the deep winter mixed layer years, a phytoplankton bloom occurs in spring, whereas during the shallow winter mixed layer years, the bloom occurs in winter. The results of our study suggest that the decline in the Japanese sardine population during the late 1980s to early 1990s was due to an insufficient spring food supply in the Kuroshio Extension region where sardine larvae and juvenile are transported.     

干草覆盖对草地土壤蒸发的影响研究

通过在希拉穆仁草原典型地带进行不同干草覆盖下的土壤蒸发实验,结果表明:在蒸发过程中,覆盖干草阻止了水分的垂直蒸发,提高了土壤湿度,降低了土壤的蒸发速度,延长了有限土壤水的持续期,且土壤蒸发量随着覆盖度的增加而减小,盖度为100%的土壤试样蒸发量最小。     

2株毒死蜱降解菌的分离鉴定及其混合降解特性研究

从生产毒死蜱农药厂采集的活性污泥中分离筛选得到2株降解效率较高的毒死蜱降解菌,命名为D1、D3,根据表型特征、生理生化特性和16 S rRNA基因序列相似性分析,将其鉴定为苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum sp.)和副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.)细菌。2株菌以最佳配比(1∶1.25)混合施用时,与单菌相比,毒死蜱降解效率可提高12%~26%;以混合菌株为研究对象,发现其对毒死蜱最适降解温度为30℃,最适降解pH值为7.0,最适NaCl浓度为0.5%;混合菌株施入土壤后,可保持较高的定殖能力和降解效率。     

Mixed cropping with ice plant alleviates the damage and the growth of cowpea under consecutive NaCl treatment and after the recovery from high salinity

We investigated the alleviative effects of mixed cropping using ice plant, which is one of the salt-accumulating halophytes, on the damage and growth inhibition of cowpea, which is not tolerant to high salinity. Three cropping patterns (mono cropping of cowpea and ice plant and their combination) were tested. The plants were treated with 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl for 14 days (consecutive NaCl). The plants were also treated with NaCl for 3 days, followed by 2 weeks (short-term recovery) and 1 month (long-term recovery) recovery. Salinity levels for short-term recovery were similar to those of the consecutive experiment, while the concentration of long-term recovery was 250 mM. The alleviative effects of mixed cropping in the consecutive NaCl experiment were observed at 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Mixed cropping significantly reduced the Na content in the cowpea leaves at 200 and 300 mM NaCl compared with mono cropping. In addition, the Na content in the soil of mix-cropped cowpea at 200 and 300 mM NaCl was statistically lower than that of the mono cropping. Mixed cropping was effective to recover from high concentration of NaCl in the experiments of short- and long-term recovery. These results indicate that mixed cropping with a halophyte could be effective in mitigating the damage and growth inhibition of a glycophyte not only under salinity but also under recovery periods.     

Drivers of Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult growth and impact on forage quality in lowland Switzerland meadows

Invasive grasses (especially Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult) increasingly threaten meadows and pastures as a consequence of human impact and climate change. We conducted a study in 2012 and in 2013 to better understand the growing cycle and the influence of S. pumila on forage quality of lowland meadows. We observed a rapid increase of S. pumila presence and phytomass on the southern side of the Alps across the growing season. We measured (i) above‐ground phytomass, with a modified Corral‐Fenlon method; (ii) botanical composition using the linear point quadrat method; and (iii) grassland chemical composition by NIRs (near‐infrared spectroscopy) analyses. To test the hypothesis that S. pumila summer growth is related to specific climatic conditions, meteorological data (temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration) were collected from meteorological stations near the study sites. Total phytomass was sorted into S. pumila and other species. We used a generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and found the abundance of S. pumila to be inversely correlated with rainfall and the presence of other species, but positively correlated with temperature increase. The increase of S. pumila above‐ground phytomass production was linked to a reduction of forage quality.     

Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.