A lost Sorraia maternal lineage found in the Lusitano horse breed

A common female founder individual of the Portuguese horse breeds Sorraia and Lusitano was found while conducting research on the variation of the Lusitano mitochondrial DNA lineages in relation to studbook information. We obtained 416‐bp control region sequences from 16 descendents of a female Sorraia founder (Pomba) still represented in the living population of the Lusitano, according to the most recent edition of this breed's studbook. The same haplotype was found for all analysed samples and belongs to the haplogroup described by several authors as having predominantly Iberian, South American and North African haplotypes bringing new insights on the relationship between the Sorraia and the other Iberian breeds. This work illustrates how weak the boundary of breed establishment can be, especially at the same geographical region. Using the same founders in different breeds is surely one of the explanations to frequently shared haplotypes among recent breeds, resulting in a lack of consistency between mtDNA sequences and breeds and/or geographical regions.     

高铜日粮对肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸链复合物活性的影响

在对照组（Cu 11mg／kg，A组）基础上设高铜组3个（110mg／kg、220mg／kg和330mg／kg，分别对应为试验组B、C、D），试验期为60d，在12、24、36、48、60日龄采集肝组织，提取线粒体，测定线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ的活性变化。结果表明，11mg／kg和110mg／kg铜日粮添加组线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的活性呈增加趋势。220mg／kg和330mg／kg铜日粮添加组肉鸡肝细胞线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ活性减弱，但主要在试验后期，尤其是48日龄之后，比对照组和各组内的试验前期下降明显（P〈0．05）。说明高铜日粮在一定程度上对线粒体复合物活性是有利的，但过高的铜添加到日粮中（≥220mg／kg）可降低肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸链复合物的功能活性。据此可以推测，线粒体是机体铜过量状态下侵害的靶部位之一，而且能作用于线粒体各个复合物，造成线粒体呼吸功能减弱，呼吸链中电子传递发生故障，从而影响线粒体功能的正常发挥。     

Polymorphism in Mitochondrial DNA of Six Fowl Breeds Revealed by Restriction Endonuclease

The patterns of cleavage of mtDNA by restriction endonucleases was analysed for six fowl breeds and of .Hyline White,Hyline Brown,ISA Brown,Hisex Brown,Lohmann White,Abor Acres and mtDNA polymorphisms were detected in the restriction patterns with the following eight enzymes,Ava Ⅰ,AvaⅡ,EcoRⅠ,HindⅢ,BamHI,PvuⅡ,PstⅠ,HincⅡ.The restriction cieavage patterns were identical among these breeds.Hyline White,Hyline Brown,ISA Brown,Hisex Brown,Lohmann White-A type.The patterns of Abor Acres were Btype.Based on their mtDNA restriction types,all the breeds were classified into two groups.Genetic distances among these groups were calculated in roder to define their phylogenetic relationships.The relationship among five egg line breeds is close,while Abor Acres(Broiler fow)is relatively far from them.The results suggest that the difference of mtDNA could result from the different origins.The polymorphic sites in mtDNA of Hyline White bas been located on a restriction map.     

消除高职学生学习高等数学的心理障碍的途径

就高职院校高等数学课程教学改革作了一些探讨，针对高职院校的现状，分析了高职学生学习高等数学的心里障碍成因，并提出分层次教学、概念教学以及改变考核方式等途径的解决方法。     

日粮添加酵母硒对鸡肉线粒体氧化损伤及细胞凋亡的影响

旨在研究日粮中添加酵母硒对白羽肉鸡宰后成熟过程中线粒体氧化损伤及细胞凋亡的影响。以饲喂不同酵母硒添加量日粮肉鸡的胸肉为研究对象,测定宰后成熟过程中鸡肉线粒体氧化损伤程度、抗氧化酶活性、Caspase-3和Caspase-9活性及肉嫩度的变化。结果表明,宰后成熟过程中,酵母硒饲喂组活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平、线粒体膜通透性转换孔（mitochondrial permeability transition pore,MPTP）开放程度、线粒体膜通透性、Caspase-3以及Caspase-9活性均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;硒含量、胞浆细胞色素c （cytochrome c,Cyt-c）还原水平、线粒体膜电位及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活性显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。酵母硒饲喂组总抗氧化能力（total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC）在宰后成熟初期显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,而在其他时间点虽有提高但差异不显著（P>0.05）。此外,酵母硒饲喂组肌原纤维小片化指数（myofibrillar fragmentation index,MFI）在宰后成熟过程中显著低于对照组,相对应的剪切力显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。由此可见,饲喂酵母硒通过降低鸡肉线粒体的氧化损伤进而抑制了细胞凋亡,最终减弱了肌原纤维蛋白的降解。     

奶牛繁殖障碍性疾病防控技术探讨

引起奶牛繁殖障碍的因素很多,有先天性的,也有后天性的,而感染外源性疾病是后天性繁殖障碍中最常见的因素。除了常见的产科疾病以外,引起奶牛繁殖障碍的疾病还包括牛布鲁菌病、牛沙门氏菌病、牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛胎毛滴虫病、牛新孢子虫病、牛病毒性腹泻（牛黏膜病）等。在奶牛生产中,要根据实际发病情况,查明发生原因,采取相应措施,科学处置和防控。     

The effect of late season damage on the apical bud development of Scots pine seedlings

The effect of Lygus rugulipennis Popp. feeding and artificial damage on the apical bud of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) late in the growing season was studied on two-year-old seedlings. Lygus feeding in late July and August caused inhibition of bud formation in the subsequent year's shoots, which led to loss of apical dominance and formation of interfascicular buds. Mechanical damage caused by piercing the apical bud with a needle in July, August and October produced scars and malformations on subsequent year's shoots and buds, but did not inhibit bud formation. Damage to the apical meristem could not be detected visually on the dormant bud before shoot elongation.     

Complete Mitochondrial DNA D-Loop Sequence and Genetic Diversity of Wuzhishan Pig

In order to research the genetic diversity and phylogenies of Wuzhishan pig, 56 complete mtDNA D-Loop were analyzed.55 sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 1 sequence was downloaded from GenBank.The results showed that repetitive sequence "TTATAAAACAC" appeared in the conservative regions of 21 mtDNA D-Loop sequences.13 haplotypes and 14 variable sites were observed in 56 sequences.Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity (Hd =0.838 and Pi=0.00334) indicated that Wuzhishan pig had high genetic diversity.Two branches in the phylogenetic tree and Network analysis diagram indicated that there were two maternal origins in Wuzhishan pig.The phylogenetic tree of Wuzhishan pig and other 23 species showed that Wuzhishan pig had close genetic relationship with the pig breeds in the south region of the Yangtze river.