杀螨药剂防治苹果红蜘蛛田间药效试验

苹果红蜘蛛(以山楂红蜘蛛为主)是山西省苹果树上为害叶片的重要害虫,为了筛选出防效好的无公害药剂,对15%哒螨灵乳油等7种农药进行了田间药剂试验。结果表明,15%哒螨灵乳油杀螨虫效果最佳,25%四螨嗪油杀孵效果最好。因此,施药应根据田间苹果红蜘蛛成螨、若螨、卵不同虫态分布比例状况,选用有效的药剂进行轮换防治。     

Mites associated with budgerigars Melopsittacus undulatus (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) and the first report of Ornithonyssus bursa (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) in Mexico

Background:Hematophagous mites affect numerous bird species, causing severe injuries to the budgerigars. Some species can cause dermatitis in humans.Aims:The purpose was to morphologically identify the mites related to budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and their nests in Yucatan, Mexico.Methods:In May 2022, a private budgerigar hatchery was visited and mites were collected from the bodies of the birds and their nests. The morphological traits of the mites were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.Results:Four of 30 birds showed severe clinical signs of mite infestation. The Budgerigars revealed lesions in the cere, nostrils, eyelids, beak, and paws. The bird’s skin showed signs of dryness and beige coloring. The birds with severe damage also presented anorexia and had deformed paws and beaks. The parasitosis was caused by the “burrowing mites,” Knemidocoptes pilae. The burrowing mites and the Grallacheles bakeri were recovered and identified from paw scabs. To eliminate mites, a topical application of Ivermectin was administered to the necks of the birds. The dose was a single, which has a residuality of 21 days. Two drops (0.115 mg/ml) of ivermectin were applied to each bird. A gradual reduction in crusted lesions due to mite mortality was noted. The “tropical fowl mite” Ornithonyssus bursa was identified in the nests, which represents the first record in Mexico.Conclusions:Three species of mites were discovered in a single budgerigar hatchery. This emphasizes the importance of deworming birds and keeping a clean environment in their cages to reduce the potential for parasitic mite infestation.     

山西省玉米叶螨加重发生原因与无害化综合治理

近年来玉米叶螨在山西的发生逐年加重,已成为玉米安全生产的巨大隐患。结合与叶螨发生密切相关的气候、生态、品种、天敌等因素,对玉米叶螨加重发生的原因做了深入分析,提出了改善玉米田生态系统、大力推广抗螨品种、科学使用生物和化学农药、保护利用天敌等一系列无害化综合治理措施。     

The Zoocartographic Approach to Anuran Ecology

This is the first detailed study of the post-natal development of Aethomys chrysophilus. Physical measurements were taken from 37 litters consisting of 116 young, and the behaviour of 37 young from 12 litters was observed. The physical development of the young is described and the weight and linear increases analysed. Litter size varied between one and five with an average of 3,1 young per litter for 37 litters. The minimum age of sexual maturity was approximately 82 days, and the shortest interval between litters was 26 days. Major behavioural changes were found at six, 12 and 26 days, and on this basis the post-natal development is divided into Neonatal (0-5 days). Transition (6-11 days), Infantile (12-25 days) and Juvenile (26-82 days) periods. Nipple-clinging dominated the early stages of development and the modifications of the incisors for this purpose are described. The parent-young relationship and mortality of the young are discussed. In addition, the post-natal development of A. chrysophilus is compared with that of three other South African murids, namely Aethomys namaquensis, Thallomys paedulcus and Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis.     

Assessing the relationship between patch type and soil mites: A molecular approach

An urgent need exists for indicators of soil health and patch functionality in extensive rangelands that can be measured efficiently and at low cost. Soil mites are candidate indicators, but their identification and handling is so specialised and time-consuming that their inclusion in routine monitoring is unlikely. The aim of this study was to measure the relationship between patch type and mite assemblages using a conventional approach. An additional aim was to determine if a molecular approach traditionally used for soil microbes could be adapted for soil mites to overcome some of the bottlenecks associated with soil fauna diversity assessment. Soil mite species abundance and diversity were measured using conventional ecological methods in soil from patches with perennial grass and litter cover (PGL), and compared to soil from bare patches with annual grasses and/or litter cover (BAL). Soil mite assemblages were also assessed using a molecular method called terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. The conventional data showed a relationship between patch type and mite assemblage. The Prostigmata and Oribatida were well represented in the PGL sites, particularly the Aphelacaridae (Oribatida). For T-RFLP analysis, the mite community was represented by a series of DNA fragment lengths that reflected mite sequence diversity. The T-RFLP data showed a distinct difference in the mite assemblage between the patch types. Where possible, T-RFLP peaks were matched to mite families using a reference 18S rDNA database, and the Aphelacaridae prevalent in the conventional samples at PGL sites were identified, as were prostigmatids and oribatids. We identified limits to the T-RFLP approach and this included an inability to distinguish some species whose DNA sequences were similar. Despite these limitations, the data still showed a clear difference between sites, and the molecular taxonomic inferences also compared well with the conventional ecological data. The results from this study indicated that the T-RFLP approach was effective in measuring mite assemblages in this system. The power of this technique lies in the fact that species diversity and abundance data can be obtained quickly because of the time taken to process hundreds of samples, from soil DNA extraction to data output on the gene analyser, can be as little as 4 days.     

冀西北地区绵羊螨虫感染情况调查研究

为摸清冀西北地区绵羊螨虫的感染情况,选取冀西北地区坝上和坝下几个具有代表性的养殖场,通过临床症状、显微镜检查和统计学分析对绵羊感染螨虫的发病情况、不同年龄、不同季节感染情况进行试验研究。结果表明:冀西北地区绵羊螨虫阳性率44%,不同年龄、不同季节的绵羊螨虫阳性率均具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。     

瘿螨传播植物病毒病害的研究进展

瘿螨是植物病毒病的一类传播媒介。根据国内外大量最新资料,从瘿螨生物学,为害和病毒不的角度较为详尽地分析了小麦线条花叶病毒,小麦斑点花叶,黑麦草花叶病,冰草花叶病,葱属植物病毒,小麦糜疯病,黑醋栗退化病,无花果花叶病,桃花叶病,樱桃斑驳花叶,蔷薇丛簇病和木豆不孕花叶病这１２种已被确认为瘿螨所传播的病毒病的特点,症状,病毒特性和防治方法,帮助人们进一步了解螨传病毒。     

Soil microarthropod populations under natural and planted fallows in southwestern Nigeria

Microarthropods, such as soil mites (Acari) and springtails (Collembola), with body width between 0.08 mm and 0.5 mm play important roles in soil fertility maintenance through their regulatory activities in decomposition and nutrient turnover. Observations were made at IITA, Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria to evaluate the effects of natural regrowth of vegetation — mainly the shrub Chromolaena odorata — and three planted woody fallow species (Acacia leptocarpa, Senna siamea, and Leucaena leucocephala) on soil microarthropods in a degraded Alfisol. Populations of soil microarthropods were higher in the rainy season than the dry season, and populations were greater under natural fallow than for continuous cropping with maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta). Populations of soil microarthropods were comparable under leucaena and natural fallow, but populations in the rainy season were 38% higher under senna than natural fallow and 36% higher under acacia than natural fallow. Regression analysis indicated that soil microarthropod population under fallow species was positively correlated with the lignin contents of leaf litter.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Disseminated mite infection with ocular involvement in a juvenile bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

A bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was found unable to fly and was admitted to The Raptor Center (TRC). Major clinical signs were thin body condition and a cardiac arrhythmia. Ten days after admission to TRC, ophthalmic examination revealed multiple, distinct serpiginous lesions of chorioretinal atrophy in the ocular fundus of the right eye (OD). The bird was euthanized because of clinical deterioration and poor prognosis. Mites of an undetermined species were found histologically in the retina, episcleral tissues, lungs, and liver at the postmortem examination. Disseminated mite infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of serpiginous chorioretinal lesions in bald eagles (H. leucocephalus).