Global-scale genetic structure of a cosmopolitan cold-water coral species

• 1. When considering widely distributed marine organisms with low dispersal capabilities, there is often an implication that the distribution of cosmopolitan species is an artefact of taxonomy, constrained by the absence of characters for delimiting either sibling or cryptic species. Few studies have assessed the relationship among populations across the global range of the species' distribution, and the presence of oceanographic barriers that might influence gene flow among populations are underestimated.
• 2. In this study, evolutionary and ecological drivers of connectivity patterns have been inferred among populations of the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus, a common and widespread solitary scleractinian species, whose reproduction strategy and larval dispersal are still poorly unknown.
• 3. The genetic structure of D. dianthus was explored using 30 microsatellites in 347 specimens from 13 localities distributed in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
• 4. Results clearly reveal genetically differentiated populations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (F_ST = 0.16, F_SC = 0.01, F_CT = 0.15, P-values highly significant), and Chilean and New Zealand populations with independent genetic profiles.
• 5. Marine connectivity patterns at different spatial scales are discussed to characterize larval dispersal and gene flow through the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

     

Genetic identification of native populations of fluvial white-spotted charr <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvelinus leucomaenis</Emphasis> in the upper Tone River drainage

ABSTRACT:   Stocking of exogenous, hatchery-reared white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis has been conducted throughout much of their range in Honshu Island, Japan, to increase angling opportunities. Although the native charr populations are thought to have declined because of hybridization with introduced fish, their distribution and genetic status have been uncertain. Fine population structures of charr in the upper Tone River drainage were examined using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses so as to clarify the presence of native populations. One common mtDNA haplotype was detected in all populations in the Ohashi River and Watarase River, and four and one tributary populations were monomorphic for such haplotypes, respectively. However, several haplotypes, considered to have originated from stocked hatchery fish, were observed in the stocked and the remaining populations. Judging from the genetic integrity over a fine geographic scale, the former were considered as indicative of native populations and the latter as admixtures with hatchery fish. Comparisons of genetic diversity, deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, principal component analysis, and relatedness estimations based on microsatellite DNA can also provide evidence for distinguishing native populations from those influenced by hatchery fish.     

海南中部山区植被演变阶段植物物种多样性与群落结构多样性变化规律

以海南中部山区的草地、灌丛、次生林和原始林为演替系列,研究植被演替过程中群落结构多样性与物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明,群落演替过程中植物科属种数、总体Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数、乔灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数及垂直结构多样性指数都显著增大;群落结构多样性指数分别与群落植物科属种数、总体alpha物种多样性指数、灌木层和乔木层物种alpha多样性指数都显著正相关。通过恢复演替,植被复杂性和质量都呈增大趋势。     

Tanjungides A and B: New Antitumoral Bromoindole Derived Compounds from Diazona cf formosa. Isolation and Total Synthesis

Tanjungides A (1) (Z isomer) and B (2) (E isomer), two novel dibrominated indole enamides, have been isolated from the tunicate Diazona cf formosa. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including HRMS, and extensive 1D and 2D NMR. The stereochemistry of the cyclised cystine present in both compounds was determined by Marfey’s analysis after chemical degradation and hydrolysis. We also report the first total synthesis of these compounds using methyl 1H-indole-3-carboxylate as starting material and a linear sequence of 11 chemical steps. Tanjungides A and B exhibit significant cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines.     

Endotoxin Structures in the Psychrophiles Psychromonas marina and Psychrobacter cryohalolentis Contain Distinctive Acyl Features

Lipid A is the essential component of endotoxin (Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide), a potent immunostimulatory compound. As the outer surface of the outer membrane, the details of lipid A structure are crucial not only to bacterial pathogenesis but also to membrane integrity. This work characterizes the structure of lipid A in two psychrophiles, Psychromonas marina and Psychrobacter cryohalolentis, and also two mesophiles to which they are related using MALDI-TOF MS and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) GC-MS. P. marina lipid A is strikingly similar to that of Escherichia coli in organization and total acyl size, but incorporates an unusual doubly unsaturated tetradecadienoyl acyl residue. P. cryohalolentis also shows structural organization similar to a closely related mesophile, Acinetobacter baumannii, however it has generally shorter acyl constituents and shows many acyl variants differing by single methylene (-CH₂-) units, a characteristic it shares with the one previously reported psychrotolerant lipid A structure. This work is the first detailed structural characterization of lipid A from an obligate psychrophile and the second from a psychrotolerant species. It reveals distinctive structural features of psychrophilic lipid A in comparison to that of related mesophiles which suggest constitutive adaptations to maintain outer membrane fluidity in cold environments.     

漓江流域2000—2020年土地利用和覆被变化时空分异特征

[目的]分析2000—2020年漓江流域土地利用和覆被变化时空分异规律,为协同人类活动及生态安全提供空间治理依据。[方法]基于遥感信息识别和GIS空间分析平台,应用扩张强度、转移矩阵及时空统计、空间自组织分析等方法,从多维时空尺度研究流域土地利用及景观结构变化规律。[结果](1)漓江流域以林地、耕地为主体景观,合占景观面积的比例超过90%,2000—2020年其面积变率小于0.37%,扩张强度小于年均3.59%,表明流域具有高质量的景观生态资源和建成国际旅游中心的生态资本,景观结构稳定,水生态良好;(2)建设用地增长最快,扩张显著,2000—2020年其面积增长了163.41%,其中临桂新区年均扩张37.79%,城镇化是流域景观类型及结构变化的主要驱动;(3)流域景观类型多样性丰富、分布均衡,多样性和均匀度指数在城镇及旅游中心形成高值中心,山地区则为低值连片;连通性或延展性较好,山区为高值中心,城镇为低值中心,人类活动对草地形态及城镇周边(中值区)的扰动较显著。[结论]流域景观指数结构受相似的发生环境和分异因素影响而具有空间集聚性分布特征,城镇扩张及旅游活动是漓江流域景观格局分异的主要...     

竹炭基生物炭对茶叶品质和土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为探讨竹炭对茶叶品质、土壤微生物群落结构及土壤酶的影响,本研究以多年种植的茶园土为对象,茶叶为供试作物,设置5个处理:不施肥对照处理(CK₁);有机肥7 500 kg·hm^-2对照处理(CK₂);有机肥7 500 kg·hm^-2+竹炭1 125 kg·hm^-2处理(T₁);有机肥7 500 kg·hm^-2+竹炭2 250 kg·hm^-2处理(T₂);有机肥7 500 kg·hm^-2+竹炭3 375 kg·hm^-2处理(T₃),探究茶园多年种植条件下土壤微生物和胞外酶对施入竹炭的响应机制。结果表明,竹炭的施入对土壤微生物总生物量(T)、细菌生物量(B)、真菌生物量(F)、茶叶产量(Y)、Mg含量、过氧化氢酶(PER)活性、酸性磷酸酶(ACP) 活性、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)活性和蔗糖酶(SU)活性具有促进作用,各处理表现为T₂>T₁>T₃> CK₂>CK₁;对放线菌生物量(A)、真菌/细菌(F/B)比值、百芽重(BW)、发芽密度(BD)、水浸出物(WE)、咖啡碱(Caf)、茶多酚(Po)、氨基酸(Am)、儿茶素(Cat)和Vc含量也具有促进作用,各处理表现为T₂>T₃>T₁>CK₂>CK₁。竹炭施入通过改变F/B比值和酚氨比,从而改善了病土食物网结构、土壤生态系统食物网营养结构以及茶叶的品质。在外界种植环境相同的条件下,随着竹炭添加量的增加,T、B、F、A、F/B、BG活性、PER活性、ACP活性、SU活性呈现先增加后减少的趋势,酚氨比、G^-/G⁺呈现下降趋势,压力指数先减少而后升高。竹炭添加量为2 250 kg·hm^-2(T₂)时更为有效。本研究结果可为深入解析茶叶品质、茶园土壤质量演变特征与保护提供科学依据。     

双膜双被装配式日光温室在郑州地区的小气候测试

2020年11月1日-2021年2月28日,在河南郑州地区对冬春季双膜双被装配式日光温室内外温度、光照和湿度小气候进行测定,以探明其温光性能。在温室内外分别布置环境自动记录仪,每台记录仪均连接温湿度传感器和光照传感器,实现数据的自动监测与传输。结果表明：观测期内,温室内旬平均气温为11.4～21.4℃,旬平均最低气温为9.4～16.7℃;温室内0.1m深处旬平均土壤温度为15.4～22.9℃,旬平均最低土壤温度为15.0～22.1℃,温室内外最大气温差和土温差分别为17.0℃和15.6℃。全年最冷时段（1月上旬）温室外旬平均最低气温为−7.9℃,0.1m处土壤温度旬平均最低值为2.2℃,而此时段温室内旬平均最低气温和0.1m处土壤温度旬平均最低值分别达到9.9℃和15.8℃。11月−翌年2月,温室内光照度逐渐增大,晴天光照度在2000～22000lx,11月、12月、1月和2月晴天日平均透光率分别为42%、52%、49%和45%,12月透光率最高,不同月份透光率存在明显差异;阴天温室光照度在300～4000lx,各月阴天日平均透光率分别为34%、35%、36%和33%,透光率差异不明显。11月下旬−1月下旬,温室内夜间湿度为95.4%～99.0%,夜间叶片沾湿时长占比为89.1%～99.5%,温室内湿度大。观测结果说明双膜双被结构日光温室在黄淮地区冬春季具有较好的保温性能,有利于进行喜温果菜类的越冬生产,具有一定的推广应用价值,但是存在温室透光率偏低、光照弱等问题。     

2000-2020年玛纳斯河流域的作物种植结构与需水满足度

变化环境条件下干旱绿洲水土资源的高效利用一直广受关注。玛纳斯河流域分布着新疆最大、最典型的绿洲农耕区,其水土资源高效利用无疑应基于对种植结构和需水满足度（供水量/需水量）时空演变规律的了解。基于谷歌地球引擎（Google Earth Engine,GEE）平台并通过区域调查和调研,该研究利用面向对象的随机森林分类,建立流域地物遥感识别模型,分析当地2000-2020年种植结构的变化过程,探讨种植结构变化与膜下滴灌棉花水分供应状况和需水满足度间的关系。结果表明：基于GEE平台,融合简单非迭代聚类图像分割算法和随机森林分类算法可快速、准确识别流域地物,总体精度约90%;近20年,流域种植作物始终以棉花为主,占耕地总面积的80%以上,受益于膜下滴灌技术的节水、抑盐等功效,中、下游盐碱荒地不断被开垦为棉田,致使其面积以每年约101 km2的速度增长,但棉田面积增长与灌溉水资源供给的矛盾日益突出,棉花需水满足度显著下降,尤其是水资源相对匮乏的下游灌区及需水旺盛的夏灌期,2020年流域下游棉花夏灌期需水满足度已降至约46%,种植结构的调整和优化已势在必行。研究可为玛纳斯河流域水资源配置及农业种植结构优化提供科学依据。     

晋西北黄土丘陵区小流域土壤团聚体稳定性及其分异特征

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本组成部分,在影响水分入渗和转移、土壤肥力方面起到重要作用。分析土壤团聚体结构特征及其稳定性影响机制,对揭示黄土高原退耕还林还草生态环境效应具有重要意义。研究以晋西北朱家川流域内7个坝控小流域不同土地利用方式(林地、草地、农地)下土壤团聚体为研究对象,利用GIS平台空间分析模块提取样点地形因子,用湿筛法分析水稳性团聚体粒径组成,借助通径分析法分析各理化因子对于分形维数的影响。结果表明:晋西北朱家川流域不同土地利用方式下,土壤团聚体稳定性存在显著差异,团聚体稳定性从高到低顺序为:林地>草地>农地。分形维数和小粒径团聚体含量呈显著正相关,而与大粒径团聚体含量呈显著负相关。处于流域下游的后会沟流域土壤团聚体稳定性最低,中游柳树咀沟流域土壤团聚体结构稳定性最优。对土壤团聚体分形维数影响最大的因子是有机质含量,其次是海拔高度,直接通径系数分别为-0.427和-0.229,决策系数分别为0.168 0,0.085 6。研究结果可为黄土高原生态恢复和土地合理利用提供科学依据。