降解除草剂异噁草酮细菌的分离、鉴定及生长特性

利用长期施用长残留除草剂的土壤，采用高压富集的方法，从两种培养液中共分离出3株细菌，根据菌株的形态特性和生理生化特征，对此3个菌株进行了初步鉴定： W2为短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)； Y1和X同为芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus）；W2、Y1和X的最适生长温度分别是30℃、35℃和30℃；W2培养基的pH值为6.0～9.0，Y1和X的最适pH值为6.0～8.0；W2生长最适异噁草酮的浓度是200mg a..i.•L-1，Y1和X生长最适异噁草酮的浓度是100mg a..i.•L-1。     

Enhanced productivity of a lutein-enriched novel acidophile microalga grown on urea

Coccomyxa acidophila is an extremophile eukaryotic microalga isolated from the Tinto River mining area in Huelva, Spain. Coccomyxa acidophila accumulates relevant amounts of β-carotene and lutein, well-known carotenoids with many biotechnological applications, especially in food and health-related industries. The acidic culture medium (pH < 2.5) that prevents outdoor cultivation from non-desired microorganism growth is one of the main advantages of acidophile microalgae production. Conversely, acidophile microalgae growth rates are usually very low compared to common microalgae growth rates. In this work, we show that mixotrophic cultivation on urea efficiently enhances growth and productivity of an acidophile microalga up to typical values for common microalgae, therefore approaching acidophile algal production towards suitable conditions for feasible outdoor production. Algal productivity and potential for carotenoid accumulation were analyzed as a function of the nitrogen source supplied. Several nitrogen conditions were assayed: nitrogen starvation, nitrate and/or nitrite, ammonia and urea. Among them, urea clearly led to the best cell growth (~4 × 10(8) cells/mL at the end of log phase). Ammonium led to the maximum chlorophyll and carotenoid content per volume unit (220 μg·mL(·1) and 35 μg·mL(·1), respectively). Interestingly, no significant differences in growth rates were found in cultures grown on urea as C and N source, with respect to those cultures grown on nitrate and CO(2) as nitrogen and carbon sources (control cultures). Lutein accumulated up to 3.55 mg·g(·1) in the mixotrophic cultures grown on urea. In addition, algal growth in a shaded culture revealed the first evidence for an active xanthophylls cycle operative in acidophile microalgae.     

羊草草原生态系统的分解者与枯枝落叶分解的研究

羊草草原的分解者包括土壤微生物和土壤动物。土壤微生物中的细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量峰值交替出现在７～９月份，该时期正是枯枝落叶分解的旺盛季节。土壤微生物生物量最大值出现在８月份，与枯枝落叶最大损失量相吻合。土壤动物的数量和生物量的季节变化趋势，基本上与枯枝落叶失重变化一致。分解者的不同类群，对枯枝落叶的分解作用不同，分解主要由土壤微生物来完成，分解强度占年损率的９７％，其中放线菌分解能力最强，真菌次之，土壤动物仅占３％。     

稻秸杆覆盖对小麦根围拮抗细菌组成和小麦纹枯病发生的影响

To assess the effect of rice straw mulching on changes of antagonistic bacteria and the incidence of wheat sharp eyespot, a multi-year field study was performed to compare unmulched plots and the plots mulched with rice straw for two or three years. Bacterial and fungal populations were evaluated in the cultures prepared from the wheat rhizosphere and bulk soils. Rice straw mulching increased the number of pseudomonas colony forming units in wheat rhizosphere and bulk soils. The proportion of total bacteria that were fluorescent pseudomonads was higher in mulched than in unmulched soil. Bacterial isolates antagonistic to Rhizoctonia cerealis were identified using an inhibition zone test. A series of these isolates were typed by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Pseudomonads had higher antagonistic activity against R. cerealis than other species, and more than 80% of rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomonads were antagonistic to R. cerealis. The disease indices were lower in the mulched plots than in the unmulched control. These results suggest that rice straw mulching in a rice-wheat rotation increases the number of fluorescent pseudomonads. Additionally, these fluorescent pseudomonads may contribute to the control of wheat sharp eyespot.     

Effects of Ozonated Water Treatment on the Microbial Population,Quality, and Shelf Life of Shucked Oysters (Crassostrea plicatula)

An ozonated water treatment system was designed for the sanitation of shucked oysters (Crassostrea plicatula). The effects of ozone (O₃) on shelf life were examined under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1°C). Microbiological, chemical, and color quality were also evaluated by determining total aerobic plate counts (APC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and L, a, and b values. Single and orthogonal experiment results showed that oysters treated with 9 mg/L of O₃ in aqueous solution (oyster: ozonated water = 1:6, w/v) for 10 min at 5°C significantly reduced the total APC by about 2-log—from 4.97 ± 0.11 to 2.93 ± 0.17 log CFU/g (p < 0.05). O₃ treatment did not cause significant changes in TVB-N, TBA, a, and b values, although L values were significantly affected. During refrigerated storage, O₃-treated samples expressed lower TVB-N, TBA, a, and b values and higher L values than control samples. The shelf life of O₃-treated samples was 20 to 25 days, while that for the controls was 5 to 10 days. The current study confirms that treatment with ozonated water can effectively prolong the shelf life and maintain the quality of oysters.     

天祝高寒草地不同扰动生境土壤三大类微生物数量动态研究

采用平板表面涂抹法和稀释法对天祝高寒草地5种不同干扰生境(围栏内、围栏外、多年生草地、一年生草地和鼠丘地)土壤三大类微生物(真菌、细菌和放线菌)数量的时空动态进行了测定.结果表明,1)不同空间层次草地土壤三大类微生物数量变化均较大,0～20 cm土层的数量均大于20～40 cm,一般0～20 cm土层的数量为20～40 cm的2～7倍;2)不同时间三大类微生物数量变化虽然各有特点,但总趋势为:0～20 cm土层的数量表现出明显的时间差异性,20～40 cm未表现出时间动态或时间动态很弱;3)不同扰动生境草地土壤三大类微生物总数量差异较大,为8.47×106 ～16.22 ×106 cfu/g,其大小为:一年生草地>围栏内草地≥多年生草地>鼠丘地>围栏外草地.三大类微生物中,细菌数量最大,放线菌次之,真菌最小,分别占微生物总数的82.29%～86.09%,13.91%～17.71%和0.017%～0.023%.     

放牧强度对荒漠草原土壤微生物群落特征的影响

[目的] 研究土壤微生物群落对放牧强度变化的响应机理,为荒漠草原生态保护和修复提供科学的理论和技术支撑。[方法] 以内蒙古荒漠草原为研究对象,研究不同放牧强度(未放牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧、重度放牧)对不同深度(0—20,20—40 cm)土壤理化性质和土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的影响,分析土壤理化性质与土壤微生物群落间的交互作用。[结果] 相比于未放牧,中度放牧显著降低0—20 cm土层土壤全氮(TN)和土壤有机碳(TOC)(p＜0.05),分别降低17.99%和19.23%,土壤容重(SBD)最大值出现在重度放牧条件下。20—40 cm土层土壤理化性质在不同放牧强度下并无显著差异(p＞0.05)。此外,放牧降低0—20 cm土层土壤中细菌群落的丰度和多样性,增加20—40 cm土层土壤细菌中群落的丰度与多样性。轻度和中度放牧条件下,0—20 cm土层土壤真菌群落的丰度与多样性均有所增加,放牧对20—40 cm土层土壤真菌群落的丰度与多样性无显著影响(p＞0.05)。[结论] Mantel分析表明,荒漠草原土壤全氮是影响草原土壤细菌丰度随放牧强度变化的主要因素。研究成果对揭示土壤微生物在荒漠草原生态系统中的生态敏感性与实现荒漠草原的可持续管理具有一定科学指导意义。     

京杭大运河杭州段水体中微生物生理群生态分布研究

通过采样分析,于2004年对京杭大运河杭州段水体中可培养微生物生理群的生态分布进行了为期1年的调查。结果表明,水体中总异养细菌年平均值高达1.64×105CFU.mL-1,粪大肠菌平均达1.16×105个.L-1,按照地表水质量标准划分属于次V类水,说明有机污染仍相当严重。硝酸盐还原菌、脱氮菌、磷利用菌等异养型细菌的数量也较大,表明除了有机污染外,无机营养盐的流入也不容忽视。远离杭州市区的义桥和塘栖大桥的微生物指标相对较好,而在市区的几个位点,特别是拱宸桥的微生物指标相对较差。许多微生物类群数量季节间差异并不显著。总体来说,水体中异养微生物数量大,而自养微生物数量小。     

磺酰脲类除草剂的微生物降解研究进展

磺酰脲类除草剂是使用最广泛的除草剂之一。微生物降解是磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中降解的重要方式。本文简要概述了土壤微生物对磺酰脲类除草剂的降解、降解机理及影响微生物降解磺酰脲类除草剂的因素。     

不同树龄苹果园土壤微生物的差异及对苹果砧木生长的影响

以平顶海棠(Malus robusta Rehd.)为试验材料,以4个不同树龄苹果园的土壤为对象,研究了不同树龄苹果园土壤对再植平顶海棠幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在前茬树龄为3、8、15和24 a苹果园土种植的平顶海棠幼苗比正茬土对照的平均株高分别减少31.22%、46.38%、57.66%和63.10%;再植平顶海棠幼苗地上部干质量分别减少0.96%、57.58%、76.88%和78.10%;地下部干质量分别减少40.38%、48.79%、64.03%和79.43%。在24 a生苹果树土壤中再植海棠幼苗校正发病率达到了72.73%,而在3 a生苹果树的土壤中再植海棠幼苗校正发病率只有18.18%。对不同树龄的苹果园土壤根际细菌和真菌群落结构的差异进行分析,其结果为,随着苹果树龄的提高,根际土壤中真菌种类和数量显著增加,而细菌的种类和数量则随着树龄的增加显著减少。