邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)对土壤中微生物和动物的影响

在确定进入土壤系统中的邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)在土壤气、固、液三相间的分配率的基础上,主要研究了DEHP与土壤中微生物和动物的相互作用。结果表明,DEHP对土壤系统中所测试生物的生长和生理均有一定抑制作用。DEHP对微生物产生影响的最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)为0.01g·kg-1干土;在较低浓度下(<0.01g·kg-1干土),DEHP可促进细菌的生长,表明细菌可利用DEHP作为其生长的C源,而霉菌和放线菌均无此现象。DEHP对蚯蚓生长的LOEC为0.005g·kg-1干土,蚯蚓可从土壤中富集DEHP,试验进行50d,对于0.005g·kg-1干土的DEHP富集倍数为7.32。在所测试生物中,蚯蚓对DEHP的毒性反应最敏感。     

ROOT EXUDATES FROM CANOLA EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION INHIBITION AND ARE EFFECTIVE IN INHIBITING AMMONIA OXIDATION IN SOIL

● First evidence of BNI capacity in canola. ● BNI level was higher in canola cv. Hyola 404RR than in B. humidicola, the BNI positive control. ● BNI in canola may explain increased N immobilization and mineralization rates following a canola crop which may have implications for N management in rotational farming systems that include canola. A range of plant species produce root exudates that inhibit ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. This biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) capacity can decrease N loss and increase N uptake from the rhizosphere. This study sought evidence for the existence and magnitude of BNI capacity in canola ( Brassica napus). Seedlings of three canola cultivars, Brachiaria humidicola (BNI positive) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum) were grown in a hydroponic system. Root exudates were collected and their inhibition of the ammonia oxidizing bacterium, Nitrosospira multiformis, was tested. Subsequent pot experiments were used to test the inhibition of native nitrifying communities in soil. Root exudates from canola significantly reduced nitrification rates of both N. multiformis cultures and native soil microbial communities. The level of nitrification inhibition across the three cultivars was similar to the well-studied high-BNI species B. humidicola. BNI capacity of canola may have implications for the N dynamics in farming systems and the N uptake efficiency of crops in rotational farming systems. By reducing nitrification rates canola crops may decrease N losses, increase plant N uptake and encourage microbial N immobilization and subsequently increase the pool of organic N that is available for mineralization during the following cereal crops.     

高精料饲粮诱发瘤胃胀气机理的研究进展

生产中为了追求高产,反刍动物不可避免地需要饲喂高精料饲粮来满足其生产需要,而反刍动物饲喂高精料饲粮易诱发瘤胃胀气和瘤胃酸中毒,显著降低动物的生产性能,甚至还会导致动物死亡,给养殖业造成重大经济损失。早期研究认为瘤胃产气过多过快是高精料饲粮诱发瘤胃胀气的主要原因,但随着科技的进步,越来越多的研究表明,瘤胃气体被泡沫包裹无法正常排放才是高精料饲粮诱发瘤胃胀气的根本原因。瘤胃泡沫形成的确切机制还有待研究,来源于饲粮的、瘤胃微生物合成的以及瘤胃微生物酵解饲粮产生的蛋白质、多糖和羧酸盐可能充当了瘤胃泡沫的起泡剂或泡沫稳定剂。     

Soil microbial inoculants for sustainable agriculture: Limitations and opportunities

The burgeoning global market for soil microbial inoculants for use in agriculture is being driven by pressure to increase sustainable crop production by managing pests and diseases without environmental impacts. Microbial inoculants, based predominantly on bacteria and fungi, are applied to soil as alternatives to conventional inorganic fertilizers (biofertilizers) or to carry out specific functions including biocontrol of pests and diseases (biopesticides), or for bioremediation and enhancement of soil characteristics. While some soil inoculants such as rhizobia have a long and successful history of use, others have performed inconsistently in the field and failed to live up to their promise suggested by laboratory testing. A more precise understanding of the ecology and modes of action of inoculant strains is key to optimizing their efficacy and guiding their targeted use to situations where they address key limitations to crop production. This will require greater collaboration between science disciplines, including microbiology, plant and soil science, molecular biology and agronomy. Inoculants must be produced and formulated to ensure their effective establishment in the soil and practicality of implementation alongside existing cropping practices. New approaches to strain selection and construction of beneficial microbial consortia should lead to more efficacious inoculant products. Extensive and rigorous field evaluation of inoculants under a range of soil and environmental conditions has rarely been undertaken and is urgently needed to validate emerging inoculant products and underpin successful implementation by growers, especially in a market that is largely unregulated at present.     

基于整合高通量绝对定量法的土壤微生物多样性分析

目前,常用的高通量测序技术只能得到微生物群落结构的物种种类和相对丰度,而整合高通量绝对定量法（iHAAQ）结合了高通量测序技术和qPCR技术,可以进一步计算得到微生物群落结构的绝对含量。相对丰度和绝对含量均是描述微生物群落结构的必备指标,其中相对丰度适合描述和评价微生物群落结构在单个样本内微生物之间的关系,而绝对含量更适于描述和评价微生物群落结构真实的数量变化以及在样本间微生物之间的关系。本研究基于发表的香蕉土传病害、再造沙地农业生态系统和微生物抑制剂作用3篇文献的高通量测序和qPCR数据,通过整合高通量绝对定量法获得3篇文献中古菌域、细菌域和真核生物域的真菌三类微生物群落结构的绝对含量数据,并进一步计算出这三类微生物整体（简称三域微生物）的绝对含量和相对丰度,从而对土壤微生物群落结构不同物种的相对丰度和绝对含量进行分析,旨在更加深入、准确地揭示土壤微生物群落及其生态功能。结果表明：（1）土壤中细菌的物种丰度和绝对含量高于古菌和真菌,在三域微生物中占据主导地位,缺乏绝对含量指标可能造成对微生物群落结构变化理解的偏差;（2）基于相对丰度和绝对含量数据分析,微生物群落结构α多样性指数结果相同,但β多样性指数结果不同;（3）在香蕉土传病害和再造沙地农业生态系统研究中,三域微生物的PCoA结果与细菌的结果较为相似,表明这两项研究中三域微生物群落结构主要受细菌的影响,但在微生物抑制剂的研究中未发现类似结果。整合高通量绝对定量法可以应用于所有同时进行高通量测序和qPCR测序的研究,在未来的土壤微生物群落结构研究中,采用高通量绝对定量法开展三域微生物群落的物种种类、相对丰度和绝对含量的整体评价,具有重要的生态学意义。     

转基因库安托杨对根际土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

对4年生转基因库安托杨在生长过程中的土壤微生物和酶活性变化情况进行调查,发现转基因与非转基因株系的3大类根际微生物数量和蛋白酶活性分别表现为"增→减→增→减"和"减→增→减"的倒"S"型变化趋势,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶酶活性的变化趋势均呈"增→减"的倒"V"字型的变化趋势,且转基因库安托杨基本未对微生物数量和酶活性产生显著影响。     

宏基因组学技术在生物冶金中的应用

介绍了生物冶金的发展概况以及制约其推广应用的因素,阐述了宏基因组学技术在生物冶金中的应用,包括在开发新的浸矿微生物资源、揭示浸矿微生物群落种群关系、获取外源功能基因和在浸矿微生物抗性机制研究中的应用,展示了宏基因组学技术推动生物冶金研究发展的巨大潜力。     

Enzyme producing bacterial flora isolated from fish digestive tracts

Isolationand enumeration of aerobic bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract of nineculturable freshwater teleosts, namely catla, rohu, mrigal, silver carp, grasscarp, common carp, tilapia, walking catfish and murrel have been carried out.Amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic microflora were identifiedfrom the culture plate using selective media. The isolates were qualitativelyscreened on the basis of their extracellular enzyme producing ability. Theselected strains were further quantitatively assayed for amylase, cellulase,lipase and protease activities. Protease activity was exhibited by almost allthe bacterial isolates, while strains isolated from tilapia, grass carp andcommon carp showed considerable amylolytic and cellulolytic activities. Maximumactivity of lipase was exhibited by a strain isolated from silver carp. Thestudy indicates that there is a distinct microbial source of the digestiveenzymes – amylase, cellulase, lipase and protease, apart from endogenoussources in fish gut. The information generated from the present investigationmight contribute towards better feed formulations for carp at low cost,incorporating the enzyme producing bacterial isolates as probiotics.     

丛枝菌根真菌与根际微生物的互作

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌广泛存在于草地农业生态系统中,是土壤微生物区系的主要成员,是生态系统中重要的功能群之一。AM真菌和其他微生物一起,在草地农业生态系统中扮演着重要的角色。本文综述了国内外近年来在AM真菌-土壤根际微生物互作方面的研究进展。AM真菌和土壤微生物之间的关系错综复杂,主要包括竞争、共生、共栖等。AM真菌通过和根部入侵病原真菌竞争侵入位点和光合产物,调节病程相关蛋白,从而提高宿主植物的抗病性。同时可促进植物对水分、养分的吸收效率,分泌生物防御物质,减轻病原线虫对作物根系的侵染和危害。AM真菌可与根际有益微生物共生、共栖,同时对植物产生协同促生的作用。目前,亟需开展AM真菌和根际微生物互作机理方面的研究,揭示AM真菌与土壤根际微生物之间的相互关系。通过利用和调控生态系统中土壤微生物,促进植物养分的吸收,提高植物对各种胁迫的抗性,维持草地生态系统的可持续发展和利用。