番茄青枯病抗性相关根际微生物的研究进展

由茄科雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）侵染引起的植物细菌性青枯病（Bacterial wilt）素有“植物癌症”之称,是一种毁灭性土传细菌病害。目前,青枯病已成为制约我国番茄生产的主要病害之一。抗青枯病番茄品种表现出与劣质农艺性状连锁遗传的问题一直没有得到解决,而且番茄青枯病抗性主要为数量遗传,不利于优良抗病品种的选育。根际微生物参与调控植物免疫系统,提高寄主植物青枯病抗性,反之,寄主植物的健康状况也能够影响根际微生物群落组成,根际微生物在番茄青枯病防治中具有重要作用。对抗青枯病番茄根际微生物群落特征及微生物群落形成的影响因素进行总结,讨论了根际微生物参与调控番茄青枯病抗性遗传的作用机制,并对利用有益根际微生物调控番茄青枯病研究方向的热点进行展望,为番茄青枯病诱导抗性机制的解析、遗传育种以及番茄青枯病的防治与品种的合理布局提供有效参考。     

日粮精粗比对瘤胃内环境及微生物区系影响的研究

瘤胃作为反刍动物体内的饲料加工厂,其内环境稳定和微生物区系的平衡影响着动物对饲料的利用,日粮精粗比的改变影响瘤胃内环境稳态以及微生物区系组成,从而影响反刍动物的生产效率。本文综述了日粮精粗比影响瘤胃pH、NH3-N浓度、VFA浓度和瘤胃微生物区系组成的研究进展,为在生产实践中提高反刍动物生产效率提供理论依据。     

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Bifurcaria bifurcata Epiphytic Bacteria

Surface-associated marine bacteria are an interesting source of new secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of epiphytic bacteria from the marine brown alga, Bifurcaria bifurcata, and the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bacteria extracts. The identification of epiphytic bacteria was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteria extracts were obtained with methanol and dichloromethane (1:1) extraction. The antioxidant activity of extracts was performed by quantification of total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Antimicrobial activities were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. A total of 39 Bifurcaria bifurcata-associated bacteria were isolated and 33 were identified as Vibrio sp. (48.72%), Alteromonas sp. (12.82%), Shewanella sp. (12.26%), Serratia sp. (2.56%), Citricoccus sp. (2.56%), Cellulophaga sp. (2.56%), Ruegeria sp. (2.56%) and Staphylococcus sp. (2.56%). Six (15.38%) of the 39 bacteria Bifurcaria bifurcata-associated bacteria presented less than a 90% Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) match, and some of those could be new. The highest antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity (against B. subtilis) was exhibited by strain 16 (Shewanella sp.). Several strains also presented high antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, mainly belonging to Alteromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. There were no positive results against fungi and Gram-negative bacteria. Bifurcaria bifurcata epiphytic bacteria were revealed to be excellent sources of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.     

EM制剂在农业清洁生产上的应用

总结有关EM（有效微生物群）制剂在畜禽养殖、作物种植、水产养殖和改善环境等方面的应用试验和生产实践,阐述其在农业清洁生产、环保治污、提高农产品产量和品质、促进畜禽生长发育、农业废弃物资源化无害化处理、农业生态环境保护和修复等方面的作用.     

Interactive Effect of Sulphur and Nitrogen on the Oil and Protein Contents and on the Fatty Acid Profiles of Oil in the Seeds of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) and Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss.)

In long-term field experiments on loamy sand and sandy loam, legumes (pea and lupine) stimulated microbial activity in the rhizosphere more than cereals (winter rye, winter wheat and spring barley), maize and oil flax. In the rhizosphere of winter wheat and maize, microbial activity and the bacteria species Pseudomonas , Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas were more stimulated by organic manuring than by mineral fertilization. A positive correlation between the stimulated bacteria species and the growth of young plants was found. Various mineral nitrogen applications had no influence on the rhizosphere microflora. The leghemoglobin content of pea nodules – an indicator of nitrogen fixation activity – was reduced by high nitrogen application in crop rotation.     

Microbial and Enzyme Activities of Saline and Sodic Soils

Salinization and sodication are abiotic soil factors, important hazards to soil fertility and consequently affect the crop production. Soil salinization is of great concern for irrigated agriculture in arid and semi‐arid regions of the world; sodicity is characterized by an excessively high concentration of sodium (Na) in their cation exchange system. In recent times, attention has been turned to study the impacts of these factors (salinity and sodicity) on soil microbial activities. Microbial activities play central role in degradation and decomposition of soil organic matter, mineralization of nutrients and stabilization of soil aggregates. To understand the ecology of soil system, therefore, it is important to be conversant with the soil microbial activities, which show quick response to little change in the soil environment. Microbial activities (generally measured as C–N dynamics, soil respiration–basal respiration, or CO₂ emission), microbial abundance, microbial biomass, quotients (microbial and metabolic) and microbial community structure, and soil enzymes have been considered as potential indicators to assess the severity of the land degradation and the effectiveness of land use management. Therefore, it is important to synthesize the available information regarding microbial activities in use and management of salt‐affected soils. The reclamation and management of such soils and their physico‐chemical properties have been reviewed well in the literature. In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the current knowledge about the effects of soil salinization and sodication on microbial and enzyme activities and identify research gaps for future research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on Main Microorganism Groups and Their Ecological Law im Aeration Sludge Composting Process

This paper emphatically probes into main microorganism groups and their characteristics in sewage sludge aeration composition system,and relationships between these groups and the environmental factors.Researches show that there exist interactions between microorganism groups and the environmental factors,such as organic matters,temperature and pH.Organic matters and temperature are two primary factors that effect on variations of microorganism groups. pH is a non-primary environmental factor.It is also found that microbial quantity variation curve in sludge composting process is different from that of in wastewater treatment process.     

木霉菌和番茄叶面主要微生物间的关系

对番茄叶表分离到的几种真菌和木霉菌BTW41(T.atroviride)之间相互关系作了初步研究,研究发现木霉菌具有较强的营养竞争能力,几种叶面真菌和木霉菌混合处理叶片试验中,黑曲霉菌混合木霉菌的处理会影响木霉菌在番茄叶表的定殖,使木霉菌在番茄叶表的定殖量减少,而其它几种真菌未使木霉菌定殖量减少。     

Influence of soil properties on the vertical movement of genetically-marked Pseudomonas fluorescens through large soil microcosms

Summary Vertical translocation of the introduced transposon Tn5-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens cells was studies after irrigation of 50-cm long soil columns of loamy sand. The soil in the columns was slowly brought to saturation using groundwater, and enough water was then slowly added to permit collection of the percolated water. Introduced bacteria were transported to lower soil layers to a significantly higher degree in undisturbed soil cores than in repacked cores; water transport was hampered in both core types due to high soil bulk densities. Soil bulk density affected the degree of transport of the introduced cells; progressively more cells were translocated to deeper soil layers and into the percolation water at decreasing soil bulk densities. Repeated percolation of soil at a bulk density of 1.25 caused an increase in Tn5-tagged cell numbers in the lower soil layers and in the percolated water. Further, cells initially introduced into a dry (5.3% moisture) soil were translocated to a lesser extent than cells introduced into a wetter (13% moisture) soil. Finally, wheat roots enhanced the water-induced transport of introduced cells to the 40- and 50-cm deep soil layers and into the effluent, but not to the remaining soil layers. Large soil columns such as those used in the present study are useful in assessing the transport and survival of introduced bacterial cells in soils under a variety of simulated environmental conditions.