Carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) improve growth performance,antioxidant status and caecal characteristics in growing rabbits

The objective of this study was to evaluate carob pods and their effect on growth performance, antioxidant activities, carcass and caecal characteristics and equilibrium modification of the caecal microbiota population of growing NZW rabbits. Eighty weaned rabbits (initial body weight: 625.00 ± 26.46 g) were randomly allocated into four dietary groups of 20 rabbits each until 90 days of age. Dietary groups were as follows: C (basal diet with no supplementation), CP1 (basal diet + 2.5% carob pods), CP2 (basal diet + 5% carob pods) and CP3 (basal diet + 10% carob pods). Rabbits given the CP2 diet had significantly higher daily and final body weights compared with the other experimental groups. The increase in inclusion rate of carob pods significantly decreased feed intake, whereas carob pods at 5% in the CP2 group recorded the best value of feed conversion ratio. Rabbits in the CP3 group showed the worst slaughter weight and carcass dressing percentage weight. No significant effect was found on meat protein and ash contents. Cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein and triglycerides decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in rabbits treated with carob pods compared with the control. Because of high content of the antioxidant compounds in CP2 and CP3 groups, the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S‐transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase increased, whereas the concentration of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance decreased significantly. Rabbits given the CP2 diet had a significantly higher volatile fatty acid concentration and a lower pH in content of the caecum compared to the other groups. The data of microbial analysis for C group showed a significant increase in Escherichia coli and Clostridium counts. Lactobacillus and Bacillus counts increased significantly more in the CP2 and CP3 groups than in the other groups. In conclusion, 5% of carob pods in the diet stimulated the performance of growing rabbits, and thus, it has potential as an unconventional feed resource for rabbits without any adverse effects.     

禽坦布苏病毒研究进展

禽坦布苏病毒(avian Tembusu virus,ATMUV)是一种主要引起蛋鸭发病的新发病毒性传染病,该病毒自2010年4月以来给中国东南沿海地区的养鸭业造成了巨大经济损失,该病毒也可感染鸡、鹅等多种家禽发病.文章综述了ATMUV的病原学、流行病学、生物学特性、基因组学、诊断技术和疫苗研发的研究现状及前景,为进一步研究ATMUV提供参考.     

乳糖酶的固定化及其应用研究进展

乳糖酶在乳制品加工领域应用广泛,有很重要的研究利用价值.本文概述了乳糖酶的特性、固定化,重点分析了乳糖酶在乳品工业的应用研究进展,并展望了乳糖酶的发展前景.旨在为乳糖酶的固定化研究提供参考.     

新疆黑蜂基因组选择信号分析

【目的】分析新疆黑蜂(Xinjiang Black bee)与4个引进西方蜜蜂品种间的遗传进化关系,并通过检测基因组选择信号,发掘新疆黑蜂重要种质特性相关的候选基因。【方法】对新疆黑蜂、意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)、高加索蜂(Apis mellifera caucasica)、卡尼鄂拉蜂(Apis mellifera carnica)、欧洲黑蜂(Apis mellifera mellifera)共5个蜂种50个蜂王个体和1个长白山中华蜜蜂蜂王(Apis cerana cerana)样本进行全基因组重测序数据分析,鉴定新疆黑蜂的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)标记,以长白山中华蜜蜂为外群利用邻接法构建系统进化树以阐明新疆黑蜂的进化关系,利用SNP信息进行新疆黑蜂的主成分分析、群体遗传结构分析及连锁不平衡分析;采用群体遗传分化指数(Fst)和核苷酸多样性比值(θπ)方法检测新疆黑蜂与其他西方蜜蜂群体间的选择信号,并对提取到的受选择区域候选基因进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】在新疆黑蜂中共鉴...     

温性典型草原羊草光合特性对模拟放牧因素分解的响应

放牧是一种复合胁迫,包括采食、践踏、粪尿返还等因素。为明晰放牧对草原影响的过程与机制,通过刈割、人工模拟踩踏、人工粪尿添加来模拟家畜放牧过程,以羊草为例,研究了株高、盖度、干重以及羊草叶片的光合特性对放牧分解因子的响应。结果表明,采食及包含采食因子的处理显著降低了羊草的盖度、高度及干重,但提升了羊草叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）,降低了羊草叶片的水分利用效率（WUE）。羊草株高与羊草叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率显著负相关,与水分利用效率显著正相关;土壤含水量与气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率显著正相关。相对而言,践踏和粪便以及它们的交互作用对羊草的影响比采食弱。综合可得,家畜的采食是放牧对温性典型草原羊草光合特性影响的主要因子。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病河北野毒株的分离研究

采用血清学方法、鸡胚培养、病理组织学检查方法,从河北省不同年份鸡ＩＢＤ免疫鸡群中分离和鉴定了ＨＥ９３,ＨＧ９６,ＸＮ９８和ＨＱ９９ ４个毒株,４个毒株回归鸡的死亡率分别为５０％,４０％,０％和１０％,从年份上看,ＩＢＤＶ毒力有逐渐减弱的趋势。接种鸡胚并传代,前２个毒株均在第一代时鸡胚全部死亡,且出现典型的鸡胚病变,而后２个毒株,初代培养鸡胚不死亡,当传至第４代才出现大部分死亡和鸡胚病变。ＨＥ９３、     

High Throughput Sequencing to Study the Effect of Chronic Renal Failure on the Diversity and Gene Function Prediction of Gut Microbiota in Dogs

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic renal failure(CRF) on the gut microbiota diversity and predict the gene function of the flora. A total of 30 2-year-old dogs were selected and randomly divided into the chronic renal failure model group (CRF, established by renal artery ligation), sham operation control group (Sham) and healthy control group (HCG). All animals were fed normally during the 56 days of test period. The serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine protein / creatinine ratio (UP/C) were detected regularly during the experiment. The effects of chronic renal failure on the structure, diversity and function of gut microbiota were analyzed according to the result of bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing from fresh feces collected without contamination. The flora markers index (FMI) was constructed based on the principal component Logistic regression analysis of different microbiota in CRF group to predict the development of chronic renal failure. The results showed that: 1) The levels of Scr, BUN and UP/C in CRF group from the start of the 28th day of the experiment were significantly higher than those of HCG group and Sham group (P<0.05), and significantly higher than that of the first day of CRF group (P<0.05). 2) Compared with those before chronic renal failure (CRF group at day 0 and 28), HCG group and Sham group, the Chao 1 diversity and Shannon diversity of gut microbiota in CRF group at day 56 were significantly lower (P<0.05), while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria significantly increased and the number of Firmicutes significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) LEfSe analysis showed that 20 species were enriched in CRF group, mainly including Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Proteus and so on, and most of them had negative correlation with other intestinal bacteria. Functional prediction revealed that genes of those different species were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, sugar biosynthesis and metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism in CRF group. The area under ROC curve (AUC) of the FMI constructed with those species enriched was 0.788, which could be used as the intestinal microbial marker for CRF in dogs. In summary, chronic renal failure can reduce the diversity of intestinal microbiota, lead to the imbalance of bacterial structure and change of bacterial function. Moreover, the enriched gut microbiota in CRF group can be used as the intestinal microbial marker of CRF in dogs, and the best prediction effect can be obtained by FMI.     

甘肃陇南地震扰动区植被群落特征

地震扰动对当地生态环境造成极大的破坏,引起植被群落种类组成、群落结构的变化,本研究采用样带结合海拔梯度的方法,于2013年8-9月,调查和研究了甘肃陇南武都区清水沟植被群落的种类组成、群落结构受地震扰动后的现状。结果表明,研究区内共发现34种植物,分属16科30属,主要以禾本科和菊科植物为主,群落垂直结构明显,大体分为3层;植物群落中多年生草本植物种类最多,是优势生活型,其次是灌木、藤本,无乔木分布;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现为中坡位>下坡位>上坡位,Simpson优势度指数(D)表现为上坡位>下坡位>中坡位。     

短芒大麦草青贮微生物特性研究及优良乳酸菌筛选

以短芒大麦草为研究对象,利用传统培养法从叶围和青贮发酵体系中分离出乳酸菌、大肠杆菌、好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌,并计数;结合细菌形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定分离出的乳酸菌菌株;通过研究乳酸菌的生长曲线、产酸特性及耐酸性,筛选优质乳酸菌。以期探明短芒大麦草叶围及青贮发酵体系中微生物菌群特性及青贮料中乳酸菌多样性,筛选出具有促发酵效果的乳酸菌菌株,为有益微生物饲料研发奠定基础。试验结果表明,短芒大麦草经青贮发酵后各微生物菌群数量发生不同程度变化,乳酸菌数量由0 cfu/g FM增加到4.00×10⁸ cfu/g FM,酵母菌数量由8.50×10⁵ cfu/g FM增加到1.02×10⁸ cfu/g FM,而好氧细菌、大肠杆菌和霉菌数量变化不明显;从短芒大麦草青贮发酵体系分离得到4株乳酸菌,经鉴定Lx36为Lactobacillus pentosus,Lx37为Lactobacillus brevis,Lx53为Pediococcus pentosaceus,Lx54为Lactobacillus parabuchneri;筛选得到1株益于青贮的乳酸菌株Lx36,约在20 h后进入稳定生长期,OD值达到4.21,且发酵12 h的pH仅为4.08,并可以在pH=3.0环境条件下生长。综上所述,青贮发酵是体系中各种微生物相互作用的过程,微生物菌群的数量及变化直接影响青贮饲料发酵品质。短芒大麦草青贮饲料中乳酸菌种类较丰富,筛选得到的戊糖乳杆菌繁殖速度快、产酸能力强同时表现出了较强的耐酸性,具有潜在的生产应用价值,适宜用作促发酵的青贮添加剂菌种。     

划破草皮对不同地形高寒草甸草原土壤特征及地下生物量的影响

在青藏高原东缘东祁连山高寒草甸草原开展平地划破草皮和缓坡地划破草皮试验,研究了划破改良措施对土壤特征及地下生物量的影响。结果表明,划破干扰对土壤含水量和土壤紧实度的影响主要体现在7-8月,在此期间划破干扰对平地的改良效果均显著优于缓坡地;划破初期,划破干扰减小了平地与缓坡地划破沟内表层地下生物量,但经过4个月的生长季,划破改良显著增加了平地表层土壤地下生物量,而缓坡地表层土壤地下生物量反而较其对照区有所减小;划破处理可以有效增加平地各个土层有机碳含量,而对于缓坡地,反而降低了表层土壤有机碳含量。研究证实,平地划破草皮措施有利于生产力较低的高寒草甸草原禾草-嵩草草甸的综合改良,但划破草皮措施对以嵩草为优势种的缓坡地草甸草原需谨慎使用。