基于“3S”技术的土地资源高效动态监测方法研究

以＂3S＂技术为基础,利用统计学中的抽样调查方法,根据土地资源调查特点,建立成数抽样、双重抽样、不等概率抽样3种模型。实证分析表明,这3种方法大大提高了土地资源调查工作效率,可以对全国的土地资源进行动态监测。     

Variation in Baiting Intensity Among CO2-Baited Traps Used to Collect Hematophagous Arthropods

Hematophagous arthropods transmit the etiological agents of numerous diseases and as a result are frequently the targets of sampling to characterize vector and pathogen populations. Arguably, the most commonly used sampling approach involves traps baited with carbon dioxide. We report results of a laboratory study in which the performance of carbon dioxide-baited traps was evaluated using measures of baiting intensity, the amount of carbon dioxide released per unit time during trap deployment. We evaluated the effects of trap design, carbon dioxide source, and wind speed on baiting intensity and documented significant effects of these factors on the length of sampling (time to baiting intensity = 0), maximum baiting intensity, and variation in baiting intensity during experimental trials. Among the three dry ice-baited trap types evaluated, traps utilizing insulated beverage coolers as dry ice containers sampled for the longest period of time, had the lowest maximum but most consistent baiting intensity within trials and were least sensitive to effects of wind speed and dry ice form (block vs. pellet) on baiting intensity. Results of trials involving traps baited with carbon dioxide released from pressurized cylinders suggested that this trap type had performance comparable to dry ice-baited insulated cooler traps but at considerably higher cost.     

Recent Advances and Applications of Experimental Technologies in Marine Natural Product Research

Marine natural products are a rich source of novel and biologically active compounds. The number of identified marine natural compounds has grown 20% over the last five years from 2009 to 2013. Several challenges, including sample collection and structure elucidation, have limited the development of this research field. Nonetheless, new approaches, such as sampling strategies for organisms from extreme ocean environments, nanoscale NMR and computational chemistry for structural determination, are now available to overcome the barriers. In this review, we highlight the experimental technology innovations in the field of marine natural products, which in our view will lead to the development of many new drugs in the future.     

The use of at‐sea‐sampling data to dissociate environmental variability in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) catches to improve resource exploitation efficiency within the Skagerrak/Kattegat trawl fishery

Research into the influence of environmental variables on the behaviour of Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), and hence catch rates, dates back to the 1960s (e.g., Höglund and Dybern, Diurnal and seasonal variations in the catch‐composition of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) at the Swedish west coast. ICES CM 1965/I46; Simpson, Variations in the catches of Nephrops norvegicus at different times of day and night. Rapport et Proés‐verbaux des Réunions Conseil permanent international pour 1'Exploration de la Mer 156:186). However, the use of fishery‐dependent data in identifying influential factors is relatively limited and only includes a number of papers on a limited dataset (e.g., Redant and De Clark, Diurnal variations in CPUE and length composition of the catches in a Nephrops directed fishery in the Central North Sea. ICES CM 1984/K:3; Maynou and Sardà, Influence of environmental factors on commercial trawl catches of Nephrops norvegicus (L.). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58:1318). Here, we aimed to dissociate environmental variability in Norway lobster catches to improve resource exploitation efficiency within the Skagerrak and Kattegat trawl fisheries by utilising data collected as part of an extensive at‐sea‐sampling programme spanning 16 years. Catch rates were modelled using Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) and considered a range of response variables, including depth, temperature, current speed, season, moon phase and time of day. The results obtained herein showed that time of day, season, depth, temperature, year, trawl type and location all significantly affect catch rates of Nephrops.     

Refined Probabilistic Model of Resistance of RC Eccentric Compression Members

The probabilistic model of resistance in the current unified standard for reliability design is imprecise for RC members subjected to eccentric compression. The reason is that it lacks full considerations of influences of varying eccentricities. An improved probabilistic model of resistance with different eccentricities and reinforcement ratios is obtained by using the Monte Carlo sampling method and the current probabilistic models of all resistant factors. The results indicate that it is accurate to fit the probabilistic distribution of resistance with normal distribution. Given that, the applicability of the improved model is analyzed for reliability analysis of RC members subjected to eccentric compression with random eccentricities. It shows that when the design value of eccentricity is close to or larger than the eccentricity producing balanced failure, there would be large errors in reliability analysis if the probabilistic model of resistance given in the current reliability unified standard is used. However, it is accurate when using the proposed probabilistic model. The results also show that the design of RC members subjected to large eccentric compression is unsafe based on the current reliability unified standard because it lacks full considerations of effects that the resistance decreases as eccentricity increases.     

江苏省稻米重金属镉检测多级抽样最优试验方案的探讨

为了探讨江苏省稻米重金属镉检测多级抽样最佳试验方案,本文以一个三级抽样检测结果为例,经方差分析F检验,发现地市间和样点村间差异均极显著,各级误差方差以地市间最大。在此基础上,探讨了在一定精确度保证下的最优配置抽样方案。结果表明,为了提高调查的精确度,在经费许可的条件下可采用随机抽取6个地市,每个地市随机抽取20个样点村或农技推广站,每个样点村随机重复2次的抽样方案;若资金较为紧张,在保证当前精确度的基础上,亦可以采用随机抽取6个地市,每个地市随机抽取10个样点村或农技推广站,每个样点村随机重复2次的抽样方案。     

野生大麻居群遗传多样性ISSR分析的取样策略

[目的]分析野生大麻居群的合理取样样本量,为全面了解我国大麻资源的遗传多样性及制定野生大麻保护策略提供参考依据.[方法]随机抽取96个辽宁科尔沁沙地野生大麻自然居群个体,采用计算机模拟方法从中随机抽取不同样本量(分别为5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、50、60、70、80、90和96个个体)的抽样群体各20次,利用ISSR分子标记对其遗传多样性进行分析,确定合理的取样样本量.[结果]利用从60条ISSR引物中筛选出的9条引物对随机抽取的96个野生大麻个体进行PCR扩增,共获得76个位点,其中多态位点48个,多态率达63.16%,观测等位基因数(Na)为1.632,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.250,Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.156,Shannon's信息指数(I)为0.245.由各遗传参数拟合曲线变化趋势分析结果可知,初始的4种抽样群体(分别为5、10、15和20个个体)遗传多样性水平呈急速增加趋势,之后随着样本量的加大,遗传多样性水平增加趋势明显变缓.当抽样群体样本量超过25个个体时,Na、Ne、H和I均包含了野生大麻居群90%以上的遗传变异.[结论]采用ISSR分子标记评估野生大麻群体遗传多样性时,群体取样样本量不宜小于25个个体才能较好地反映该居群总体的遗传多样性水平.     

活鸡价格和饲料价格的短期动态关系和长期均衡

为了了解活鸡价格和饲料价格的短期动态关系和长期均衡关系,在对活鸡价格与饲料价格关系分析的基础上,采集2010 年1 月—2014 年3 月中国活鸡、玉米以及豆粕市场定价的月度数据,利用ARDL-ECM模型对它们的短期动态关系与长期均衡关系展开了评定以及测验。研究结果表明,玉米的市场定价以及豆粕的市场定价对活鸡市场定价均存在一定程度的正向促进作用,并且其能够发挥的长期的影响效应均远远超过短期的影响效应,玉米市场定价对活鸡市场定价的长期以及短期影响效应均极大程度的高于豆粕市场定价对活鸡市场定价的长期和短期影响效应。政府可以通过这一结论,及时做出反应和调整,通过调控和监管,稳定市场的玉米、豆粕、活鸡定价。     

金华城区表层土壤剖面磁化率变化规律

以金华城区表层土壤剖面为研究对象,分析土壤剖面磁化率的分布特点。结果表明:19个土壤剖面的磁化率分布在11.22×10^-8～94.29×10^-8 m³/kg之间;19个剖面土壤磁化率在0—10 cm的垂向剖面上的变化有三种不同形式:一是先增大后减小且在3 cm左右出现极值,二是单调变化,又可细分为单增和单减,三是波动变化,也可细分为波动增加和波动减小;通过对比不同采样间隔下磁化率的变化情况,结合土壤磁化率垂向分布特征和统计结果,建议以1—3 cm作为采样深度可以更好地揭示人类活动对土壤磁化率的影响。     

Some Aspects of Ecology of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede) in River Niger,Nigeria

A study on the food and feeding habit of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus(Lacepede) was conducted in River Niger within the region of Oshimili local government area of Delta State Nigeria.A total of 90 specimens were collected with the help of fishermen using gill net,cast net and traps.The fish samples were immediately taken to the laboratory for analysis.Morphometric characteristics such as weight,length,condition factor,egg weight,Gonado Somatic Index(GSI) and sex ratio were determined.The stomach content was analyzed using numerical method to determine the food content.The total length of the fish sampled ranged from 14.40-44.60 cm,while the standard length varied from 11.00 cm to 47.00 cm and the fish body weight ranged between 19.00 g to 503.20 g.Sex ratio 1female to 1 male was observed.The mean condition factor for both male and female obtained was 1.67.Of all the 90 fishes sampled,none had empty gut representing 100%.The major food items were phytoplankton,plant part and Detritus.Out of 41 females sampled,only 17 had eggs and the eggs were matured at stage IV.