Puroindoline b位点近等基因系对小麦籽粒淀粉含量和组分及其特性的影响

为了研究不同硬度等位基因与小麦籽粒淀粉组分含量及特性的关系,为小麦品质改良提供依据,以7个硬度Puroindoline b位点近等基因系为试材,研究了不同硬度基因型对小麦籽粒淀粉组分含量及特性的影响。结果表明,Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a基因型的籽粒硬度值、支链淀粉含量最高;Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a基因型的淀粉溶解度最高,而Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d溶解度最低,两者差异达显著水平;不同基因型之间籽粒淀粉酶解力没有显著差异;冻融失水率以基因型Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b最低,表明Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b基因型冻融稳定性最好,可能较适宜冷冻食品的制作;对于抗性淀粉,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b基因型的抗性淀粉含量最高、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d最低,表明Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b基因型有助于籽粒中抗性淀粉含量的提高。     

Detection of additive and additive×environment interaction effects of QTLs for yield‐component traits of rice using single‐segment substitution lines (SSSLs)

Additive effects (A) and additive‐by‐environment interactions (A×E) for five rice yield components were analysed using 20 SSSLs under mixed linear model methodology. Thirty‐one QTLs were detected. Different yield components have different QTL‐by‐environment (Q×E) interaction patterns. No A×E interaction effects were detected for the four QTLs for panicle number (PN). Four QTLs detected for spikelets per panicle (SPP) had A×E interactions. Five of seven QTLs detected for grains per panicle (GPP), two of 10 QTLs detected for 1000‐grains weight (GWT) and three of six QTLs detected for seed set ratio (SSR) showed significant A×E interaction. Most of these QTLs were distributed in clusters across the genome. The complexity of linkage and pleiotropy of these QTLs plus environmental effect may result in the diversity of the yield phenotype in the SSSLs. Only S19 exhibited a significant increase in yield with a predicted gain by 281.58 kg ha^?1. The results may be useful to design a better breeding strategy that takes advantage of QTL‐by‐environment interaction effects in each of the SSSLs.     

Yield Performance of Wheat Isolines with Different Dosages of the Short Arm of Rye Chromosome 1

Translocations of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1 (1RS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pavon 76) are known to increase root biomass. Such an increase enhances water and nutrient uptake and may improve grain yield. Two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment were carried out at the University of California, Riverside, in 2012 and 2013 under well‐watered and terminal drought treatments to evaluate phenotypic characters associated with varying dosages of 1RS, including grain yield. The genotypes used were cultivar Pavon 76 (R₀), Pavon 76/Pavon1RS.1AL (F₁ hybrid) with a single dosage of 1RS (R₁A), Pavon 1RS.1AL with two dosages of 1RS (R₂A), Pavon 1RS.1DL (R₂D) also with two dosages of 1RS and Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL (R₄AD) with four dosages of 1RS. There was a significant positive correlation between number of dosages of 1RS and root biomass. However, no correlation was found between root biomass and grain yield per plant. Drought in the field experiment reduced grain yield significantly. Under well‐watered field conditions, grain yield of R₂A (215.9 g plant^?1) was significantly greater than those of R₂D (191.8 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (161.7 g plant^?1). Also, grain yield of R₄AD was significantly less than those of F₁, Pavon 76 and R₂D under well‐watered conditions. Under drought field conditions, no significant differences were found among the genotypes for grain yield was found between F₁ (14.7 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (12.4 g plant^?1). Harvest index was significantly greater in well‐watered (44.2 %) than in drought (34.6 %) field conditions. On average, genotypes F₁ (42.3 %) and R₂A (40.6 %) had higher harvest index than R₂D (38.3 %) and R₄AD (35.5 %) in the field. Also, Pavon 76 (40.2) and R₂D (38.3) had higher harvest index than R₄AD. Drought tolerance was lowest for R₄AD due to its relatively lower grain yield potential. In general, Pavon 1RS.1AL carrying two dosages of 1RS showed higher grain yield under wet treatments. Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL carrying four dosages of 1RS produced the largest shoot and root biomasses, but the least grain yield.     

近10年重庆两系水稻应用性分析

与三系杂交水稻相比,两系水稻具有育种效率高、繁制种成本低、丰产优势强、品质相对优等优势,近年来在以重庆为代表的长江流域稻区得以迅速发展。为明确重庆市两系稻产业现状及发展趋势,本文统计了2006—2015年10年间重庆市两系水稻的种植面积、主推品种及两系品种的审定情况。结果显示,10年间两系稻在种植面积上呈明显的增长态势,2014年占水稻种植总面积的17.2%,推广面积最大的两系水稻品种是‘Y两优1号’和‘深两优5814’。在品种推广上,两系主导品种比例由2006年的5.9%上升到2015年的31.3%,且两系主导品种全为优质稻品种;在品种审定上,10年间重庆市审定(认定)的两系稻品种几乎全部为市外育种单位选育的品种,重庆市内农业科研单位在两系稻品种审定上一直保持着零的记录。     

Optimization of DH-line based recurrent selection procedures in maize under a restricted annual loss of genetic variance

Doubled haploid (DH) lines are increasingly being used in commercial hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) breeding. They allow for various quantitative genetic and logistic advantages provided that they are implemented in efficient and optimally allocated breeding procedures. In the present study, a new software was applied to optimize two recurrent selection (RS) schemes for hybrid maize breeding based on DH lines under a restricted annual budget and an upper limit for the relative annual loss of genetic variance. This software maximizes the expected gain from selection in general combining ability by means of quantitative genetic model calculations. Optimization results are compared for one, two, and three stages of testcross selection under different assumptions regarding the evaluation of lines per se and the annual budget. Results show that the optimum allocation of technical and budget resources to the individual steps of an RS program and the efficiency of alternative RS procedures are decisively determined by the number of selection stages. Under standard assumptions, one-stage selection was superior to two- and three-stage selection. Thus, shortening the length of an RS scheme considerably increases its efficiency. By intercrossing a reduced number of selected lines for starting a new RS cycle, the short-term response to selection may be increased, but the population size and, thus, the selection limits in the long run are diminished. Therefore, fair comparisons of alternative RS procedures require to define the intended time span for maximizing the genetic gain from RS and to restrict the relative annual loss of genetic variance accordingly.     

生育进程相近的谷子杂交种两系亲本的选育及其杂种优势分析

利用“两系”进行谷子杂种优势制杂交种时,不育系抽穗期和开花期常较恢复系早,二者只有错期播种才可在花期相遇并杂交结实。通过改良现有不育系与抗除草剂恢复系抽穗期和开花期,选育出符合谷子“两系”改良育种目标的优良高度雄性不育系3个（Y1A、Y2A和Y3A）及抗除草剂拿捕净恢复系5个（K17-1、K18-49、K18-54、K18-62和K18-70）,按NCII不完全双列杂交组配15个组合,分析亲本和杂交组合配合力、超亲优势及超标优势,预测其杂种优势。结果显示,亲本的配合力各不相同,有不同优良农艺性状选择方面利用价值;杂交组合间各性状超亲优势和超标优势表现存在差异,但杂种优势无关联、无规律性,分析预测亲本存在杂种优势。同时,“两系”亲本各自性状表现优良,选出的杂交组合Y3A×K18-49具有强杂种优势,可作为苗头杂交种继续进行杂种优势育种。本研究结果为谷子杂交种制种提供了可同期播种的“两系”亲本及苗头优良杂交种,简化了谷子杂交制种环节。     

丽江新团黑谷近等基因系孕穗期耐冷性生化性状的主成分分析及综合评价

为建立鉴定水稻孕穗期耐冷种质资源的生化指标,以云南孕穗期耐冷标准品种昆明小白谷、丽粳2号和半节芒及粳稻近等基因系（十和田4／／丽江新团黑谷／十和田）的BC4 F8、BC4 F9群体105个家系及亲本为材料,在大田冷水胁迫及正常温度条件下,连续在2011年和2012年于水稻孕穗期分别测定剑叶、花药和籽粒的26个生化性状,采用主成分分析、隶属函数法、逐步回归分析和K-means聚类法进行指标筛选及耐冷性综合评价。结果表明,剑叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、叶绿素c、POD活性、游离氨基酸,以及剑叶和花药中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛、CAT活性、抗坏血酸、游离脯氨酸和籽粒中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、蛋白质和γ-氨基丁酸含量对耐冷性影响显著,可作为穗期耐冷性鉴定综合指标。采用隶属函数法获得低温胁迫下以剑叶、花药和籽粒中各生化性状为对象的综合耐冷D值,用K-means聚类法对各D值进行联合聚类,可将丽江新团黑谷NILs的105个株系划分为3类,其中强耐冷株系32株,中度耐冷10株,弱耐冷63株。     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci for floral scent compounds in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Floral scent is a very important trait in plant evolution. Currently, little is known about the inheritance of floral scent in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or changes that might have occurred during its domestication. Therefore, we analysed scent volatiles and molecular markers in a population of 159 F₇ recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of a domesticated blackeye cowpea cultivar, ‘524B’ and a wild accession ‘219‐01’. Using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC–MS) 23 volatile compounds were identified that fall into five general functional categories. Twenty‐two of the compounds displayed quantitative variation in the progeny, and a total of 63 QTLs influencing the amounts of these volatiles were mapped onto the cowpea genetic marker map. Although QTLs for volatile compounds putatively involved in cowpea flower scent were found on 9 of the 11 cowpea chromosomes, they were not evenly distributed with QTLs mainly clustered on LGs 1, LGs 2 and LG 4. Our results serve as a starting point for both more detailed analyses of complex scent biosynthetic pathways and the development of markers for marker‐assisted breeding of scented rose varieties.     

Marker‐assisted backcrossing of a null allele of the α‐subunit of Soybean (Glycine max) β‐conglycinin with a Chinese soybean cultivar (a). The development of improved lines

The development of soybean varieties that lack the β‐conglycinin α‐subunit is an attractive goal because the β‐conglycinin α‐subunit negatively influences the nutrition and gelation of tofu and is a major allergen. To remove this undesirable allergen and simultaneously improve the seed nutritional value and food‐processing quality, marker‐assisted background selection (MABS) was used in backcross breeding to incorporate cgy‐2, a null phenotype version of the gene encoding the β‐conglycinin α‐subunit, from the donor line ‘RiB’ into the genetic background of the Chinese cultivar ‘Dongnong47’ (DN47), a popular high‐oil superfine seed soybean cultivar from Heilongjiang Province, China. In each F₂ (F₂, BC_nF₂) generation of the breeding programme, the offspring that carried the introgressed cgy‐2 were identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and rescreened by MABS using simple sequence repeat markers to accelerate recurrent parent genome recovery. Of the 49 advanced backcrossing breeding lines (ABLs), the three best lines, ABL1, ABL2 and ABL3, were selected from the BC₁, BC₂ and BC₃ populations, respectively. The ABLs were evaluated for desirable agronomic characteristics, yield‐related traits, amino acid composition, free amino acid composition and tofu‐processing quality in the mature seeds. All of the ABLs lacked the α‐subunit but grew and reproduced normally without deleterious effects on physiological processes such as seed development and germination. The free amino acid content of ABL1 was significantly higher than that of ‘DN47’, with arginine (Arg) being particularly enriched. Compared to the recurrent parent ‘DN47’, the total protein content of the three ABLs was higher, the amino acid composition of the seed proteins was markedly modified and the yield and hardness of the tofu that was made from the ABLs were significantly increased. MABS combined with stringent phenotypic selection in a backcross breeding programme is a feasible strategy for the genetic engineering of seed protein components to produce allergenic subunit‐deficient variant alleles.     

常用玉米自交系抗旱性及抗旱性鉴定指标研究

采用人工水分胁迫处理,通过植物生理学方法,对10个常用玉米自交系进行了抗旱性研究。结果表明,不同玉米自交系存在明显差异,沈136、齐319、丹598和沈137耐旱性较好,可以作为玉米耐旱育种的基础材料。干旱胁迫下,玉米植株叶片相对含水量、丙二醛含量、电导率和ASI与玉米子粒产量极显著相关,能够比较准确地评价玉米自交系抗旱性的强弱,和抗旱系数、抗旱指数一样可以作为玉米育种耐旱自交系筛选的鉴定指标。