Involvement of Ca2+-ATPase in suppressing the appearance of bovine helically motile spermatozoa with intense force prior to cryopreservation

In cattle, cryopreserved spermatozoa are generally used for artificial insemination (AI). Many of these specimens exhibit helical movement, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize helically motile spermatozoa, investigate the involvement of Ca²⁺-ATPase in suppressing the appearance of these spermatozoa prior to cryopreservation, and examine the potential of helical movement as an index of sperm quality. In the cryopreserved semen, approximately 50% of spermatozoa were helically motile, whereas approximately 25% were planarly motile. The helically motile samples swam significantly faster than those with planar movement, in both non-viscous medium and viscous medium containing polyvinylpyrrolidone. In contrast, in non-cryopreserved semen, planarly motile spermatozoa outnumbered those that were helically motile. Fluorescence microscopy with Fluo-3/AM and propidium iodide showed that flagellar [Ca²⁺]_i was significantly higher in cryopreserved live spermatozoa than in non-cryopreserved live ones. The percentage of non-cryopreserved helically motile spermatozoa was approximately 25% after washing, and this increased significantly to approximately 50% after treatment with an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPases (SERCAs), “thapsigargin.” Immunostaining showed the presence of SERCAs in sperm necks. Additionally, the percentages of cryopreserved helically motile spermatozoa showed large inter-bull differences and a significantly positive correlation with post-AI conception rates, indicating that helical movement has the potential to serve as a predictor of the fertilizing ability of these spermatozoa. These results suggest that SERCAs in the neck suppress the cytoplasmic Ca²⁺-dependent appearance of helically motile spermatozoa with intense force in semen prior to cryopreservation.     

东祁连山不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染评价

本研究通过对东祁连山不同土地利用类型下土壤的7种重金属含量进行测定,结合青藏高原土壤元素背景值,对土壤重金属污染程度和综合潜在生态风险做出综合性评价。结果表明：7种重金属元素的均值都超过了土壤元素背景值,其中Zn和Ni平均含量较高,为196.67 mg·kg^-1和74.28 mg·kg^-1,分别是土壤背景值的3.20和3.00倍,形成了土壤重金属元素的富集现象;内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险系数法分析显示,各类型土地平均内梅罗综合污染指数为2.84,属于中度污染程度,其中农田平均污染指数最大,为3.10,达到了重度污染水平;草地为2.71,湿地最小为2.49,均为中度污染水平。各类型土地的综合潜在生态风险系数为94.31,其中农田类风险系数最高,为101.90,草地类为92.22,湿地为73.29;各类型土壤中Zn元素变异系数最低;Cd元素变异系数最高。     

广西右江河谷产地芒果农药残留现状及膳食风险评估

研究了广西右江河谷地区芒果中农药残留现状,并做了人群的膳食风险评估,旨在为芒果农产品的农业主管部门监管提供科学依据。在右江河谷产区采集99份芒果样品,对样品中107种农药残留进行分析检测,并运用点评估方法对农药残留膳食摄入风险进行评估。结果表明,芒果的检出农药类型上,以甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂为主,检出率高达61.61%;累计检出20种农药残留,样品检出率为80.80%,其中吡唑醚菌酯检出率最高,达到46.46%;按照GB 2763-2021判定,超标数量达到14份,占总样品数量的14.14%,吡唑醚菌酯和氯氟氰菊酯两种农药超标;检出农药对成人和儿童的慢性膳食摄入%ADI在0.00 -2.43 %之间,其中氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯对儿童的急性膳食摄入%ARfD分别为101.82%、136.16 %,所有检出农药对成人的急性膳食摄入%ARfD均小于100 %。广西右江河谷地区芒果中多农药组分残留情况明显,吡唑醚菌酯和氯氟氰菊酯需要重点监测关注;儿童对芒果中摄入氯氟氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的农药残留急性膳食有一定的暴露风险,成人对芒果中检出的所有农药急、慢性膳食暴露风险极低。     

小肽饲料营养价值及评价方法

小肽一般是指二肽或三肽,小肽饲料就是通过化学或生物方法将本来不适合动物利用的蛋白原料分解,制成含有大量小肽的饲料产品。小肽饲料的营养价值在于小肽的吸收优势和其自身的质量。根据影响小肽营养价值的因素,可以选取小肽的总含量、平均肽链长度、特定小肽的含量、特定氨基酸的含量作为评价小肽饲料营养价值的指标。目前小肽含量的测定方法主要有双缩脲法、福林-酚法、三氯乙酸法、甲醛滴定法、凯氏定氮法、紫外光吸收法、消光系数法、考马斯亮兰法、层析比色法、高效凝胶色谱法、高效液相色谱法和CE-ESI-MS联用法。     

全球马流感发生的风险状况研究

目的开展在全球尺度上的马流行性感冒(马流感)发生状况的分析。方法基于数据挖掘方法,借鉴地理风险分析和Kolmogorov-Smirnov统计检验的方法,开展对全球马流感发生态势的分析。结果统计分析认为:(1)全球马流感近十年以来发生涉及范围和区域扩大,发病数量增多,发病频次高,发病态势严重。(2)全球马流感发生的区域特征显著,美洲和欧洲是全球马流感发病态势比较严重的区域,而亚洲相对较美欧的发病态势为弱。(3)在近十年以来,全球尺度上马流感的发生在空间和时间上保持较强的连续性和比较平稳的发展态势,但局部时段的马流感的发生呈现较大的跳跃性。结论美洲和欧洲是目前马流行性感冒发生和流行的主要区域,从该区域输入马匹等马属动物及其产品会带来一定的释放风险.     

Optimizing the use of breed types in developing country livestock production systems: a neglected research area

Developing country livestock production systems are diverse and dynamic, and include those where existing indigenous breeds are currently optimal and likely to remain so, those where non‐indigenous breed types are already in common use, and systems that are changing, such as by intensification, where the introduction of new breed types represents significant opportunities. These include opportunities to improve the livelihood of the world's poor, increase food and nutrition security and enhance environmental sustainability. At present, very little research has focused on this issue, such that significant knowledge gaps in relation to breed‐change interventions remain. The purpose of this study is to raise awareness of this issue and suggests strategic research areas to begin filling these knowledge gaps. Such strategic research would include (i) assessing the impact of differing breed types in developing country livestock productions systems, from a range of viewpoints including intrahousehold livelihood benefit, food and nutrition security at different scales, and environmental sustainability; (ii) identification of specific livestock production systems within developing countries, and the type of livestock keepers within these system, that are most likely to benefit from new breed types; and (iii) identification of new breed types as candidates for in‐situ testing within these systems, such as through the use of spatial analysis to identify similar production environments combined with community acceptance studies. Results of these studies would primarily assist stakeholders in agriculture, including both policy makers and livestock keepers, to make informed decisions on the potential use of new breed types.     

速康解毒口服液对家兔茎直黄芪中毒的疗效研究

以茎直黄芪人工饲喂2月龄实验家兔中毒,设置对照组、攻毒组、攻毒解毒治疗组,每组实验家兔4只,建立中毒及解毒病理模型,在28d、45d(中毒死亡)、49d(解毒组及空白组处死),研究实验家兔体内的病理变化规律,并对速康解毒口服液治疗效果进行评估。实验结果表明,攻毒组、攻毒解毒解毒组实验家兔在18d左右出现中毒症状,攻毒组Ⅱ号在28d中毒死亡,在第29d时对解毒组利用速康口服液解毒治疗均成活。病理学切片观察表明,攻毒组试验家兔表现为大部分脏器均出现淤血、炎症、坏死等病理变化,解毒治疗组出现轻度淤血、轻度的细胞变性。研究表明速康解毒口服液能有效提高α-甘露糖甙酶活性,解毒组试验家兔病理组织学观察结果表现轻微,证实速康解毒口服液具有较好的解毒效果。     

Can epidemiology and economics make a meaningful contribution to national animal-disease control?

The general role of veterinary epidemiology and economics to national animal-disease control throughout the world is considered for the four main groupings of animal diseases: zoonotic, food-borne, endemic and epidemic diseases. This is done by considering how veterinary epidemiology and economics has contributed to priority setting (which diseases come first?), decision-making (for a given disease, which strategy is best?), and disease control implementation (how can optimal delivery and adoption of selected interventions best be achieved?). Within each of these categories, progress made and future opportunities are discussed. In addition, a review is made of how veterinary epidemiology and economics has been institutionalised. We conclude that veterinary epidemiology and economics holds a unique role in the development of national policies and strategies for improved animal health world-wide. However, we consider that we must capitalise more on the unique comparative advantage of the partnership between veterinarians and agricultural economists. We believe that much remains to be done to improve the "institutionalisation" of veterinary epidemiology and economics, and the adoption and impact of the products of our unique partnership, particularly in countries of the developing world.     

COMPARISON OF VISUAL ANALOG AND NUMERIC SCORING SCALES FOR ASSESSING INTRAOPERATIVE MESENTERIC PORTOVENOGRAPHY

A visual analog scale and a numeric scoring scale were designed for the assessment of dynamic intraoperative mesenteric portovenography in the dog and cat. Two independent observers evaluated both scoring scales for reproducibility (differences between observers) and repeatability (within-observer differences) in the assessment of 60 trial portovenograms. Agreement (interchangeability) of both scales was evaluated by comparing the scores obtained in the assessment of 200 portovenograms obtained from 100 dogs and cats. There was no statistical difference between the two observers when scoring the same portovenogram for either the visual analog scale (p = .730, reproducibility coefficient = 17.85 units) or the numeric scoring scale (scores identical, reproducibility coefficient = 0). There was no statistical difference, for either of the observers, when the same portovenogram was assessed on two separate occasions using the visual analog scale (observer 1, p = .35, repeatability coefficient = 17.93 units; observer 2, p = .42, repeatability coefficient = 8.27 units) or the numeric scoring scale (scores given by both observers were identical, repeatability coefficient = 0 for both observers). The results of comparison between the visual analog scale and numeric scoring scale confirmed that the two scoring systems were not directly interchangeable. Although both scoring systems demonstrated good reproducibility and repeatability, the numeric scoring scale possessed a number of inherent deficiencies that suggested it was not the method of choice for the assessment of the subjective data obtained from dynamic intraoperative mesenteric portovenography.     

湖北省倒春寒发生程度评估模型

选取湖北省9个代表站历史倒春寒灾害序列资料,分析1951-2010年倒春寒过程中最大降温幅度、最低日平均气温、持续天数变化的特征,结合主成分分析法构建倒春寒评估模型,探讨湖北省倒春寒发生影响程度。结果表明：60a来,湖北3月倒春寒发生频次总体呈下降趋势,4月倒春寒频次以20世纪60、70年代最多,80、90年代明显下降,而2000-2010年又有所增加;倒春寒发生过程中,平均最大降温幅度的年代际间变化不大,但3月最大降温幅度大于4月;3、4月倒春寒过程最低日平均气温按年代比较显示,在2000-2010年有所降低,但不明显;1951-2010年,倒春寒持续天数平均为4.1d,呈不显著的下降趋势。运用评估模型对2010年4月12-15日的倒春寒过程评估表明,9个代表站中5站为中度倒春寒,4站为轻度倒春寒。