金属洗桶企业场地污染调查与分析实例

以某金属洗桶企业搬离时,对场地开展的污染调查与分析为实例,探讨了污染场地健康风险评估的方法和进行风险管控的手段,以期提供参考。     

转基因水稻基因飘流研究十年回顾

中国是世界最大的水稻生产国和亚洲栽培稻的起源中心之一。随着中国转基因水稻研发的快速发展,需要研究水稻转基因飘流可能对环境和食品安全带来的潜在风险。基因飘流及其数据是对转基因水稻进行科学评估和监管的重要参数。为此,从2002年开始组建了研究团队,对转基因水稻的基因飘流进行了为期10年的系统研究。取得的结果主要包括：（1）阐明了水稻基因飘流的基本规律,揭示了影响水稻基因飘流的生物学和气象学主控因子。沿水稻开花期的主流风向,采用长方形田间试验设计,分别在三亚、广州和杭州3个点2-3个生长季,研究了纯合转bar基因花粉供体L201或B2 (姐妹系,抗除草剂Basta)向19个非转基因受体（包括不育系、常规稻品种、杂交稻F1和普通野生稻）在不同距离上的基因飘流率,明确了转基因向不育系的飘流率最高,向普通栽培稻品种的基因飘流率最低(相邻种植时小于1%或0.1%),向普通野生稻的基因飘流率介于不育系和常规稻之间,向不育系的最大基因飘流率比向普通野生稻和栽培稻要大1-3个数量级;基因飘流率随距离增加呈负指数曲线衰减,且存在急剧降低的“拐点”,“拐点”的距离与试验点水稻开花期的风速密切相关,广州和杭州为1-2 m,三亚约为5 m;采用圆形、以花粉供体为中心的田间试验设计,以异交结实率很高的不育系博A作受体,清晰地解析了风向与基因飘流率的数值关系,主流和次主流风向下游4个扇区的基因飘流事件累计达90%-96%,而逆风向和侧逆风向4个扇区仅为4%-10%。综上所述,水稻转基因飘流率与常规育成品种间的异交率（一般在1%以下）基本相同,在数量级上转基因并未增加新的风险。（2）建立了以气象资料为参数的水稻花粉扩散和基因飘流普适模型,计算和预测了中国南方稻区17省、市的最大基因飘流阈值距离（maximum threshold distances, MTDs）。受东南季风和地形地貌的影响,中国南方稻区MTDs的空间分布特征为：东西之间有自东向西逐渐减小的趋势,南北之间首先在南方丘陵地区逐渐减小、越过南岭后再向东南沿海地区逐渐增大。（3）利用人工构建的普通野生稻与基因（Bt或bar）飘流后代栽/野F1杂种混栽群体,经多年多代跟踪观察,分析了转基因飘流至普通野生稻后的命运,发现栽/野F1杂种在3-5年后完全消失,混栽群体中检测不到外源的Bt和bar,有理由推测普通野生稻具有自我保护的机制。（4）研究了小规模田间试验中采用花期隔离和布帐隔离措施降低水稻基因飘流率的效果;调查了海南、广东、广西普通野生稻原生境居群与相邻种植的栽培稻花期相遇情况,建立了相应的数据库;研究了基因拆分技术作为生物学限控措施从根本上限控基因飘流的效果;以本研究的结果及对国际上主要农作物基因飘流的调研数据为基础,提出了在水稻基因飘流风险评估和监管中采用分类管理和阈值管理的原则。在10年回顾和科学分析的基础上,对未来研究的重点也进行了展望。     

基于耕地质量成果的上海市耕地占补平衡运行机制研究

在对我国耕地占补平衡问题分析的基础上,结合占补平衡耕地质量内涵和上海市耕地质量成果应用条件分析,构建以数量平衡为前提的耕地质量占补平衡运行机制。该机制框架包括耕地质量评估和监测机制、占补平衡指标储备机制、占补平衡指标跨区使用机制和占补平衡实施经济保障机制等4个方面,以为完善耕地占补平衡制度提供依据。     

基于GIS的三江源地区物种多样性保护优先性分析

根据我们的多次科考调查和青海省对野生动物的调查结果等有关资料图件,对三江源地区的物种多样性和人类干扰因素等进行了分析和评估。选择9种鸟类、15种哺乳动物、20种植物作为本研究的指示物种,利用GIS制作了主要的珍稀濒危野生动植物分布图。选择放牧、人口、居民点、公路等因素作为生物多样性的主要干扰因素,制作出三江源地区干扰强度空间分布图。然后根据物种的丰富度和特有性、脆弱性和干扰程度等指标分析了三江源地区物种多样性保护优先性地区,做出了物种多样性保护优先地区空间分布图。     

Comparison and sensitivity of measurement techniques for spatial distribution of soil salinity

In Khorezm, a district of Uzbekistan situated in the Aral Sea Basin, soil salinization is an important driver of soil degradation in irrigated agriculture. The main objective of this study was to identify techniques that enable rapid estimation of soil salinity. Therefore, bulk electrical conductivity of the soil (EC_a-meas) was measured with three different devices (2P, 4P, and CM-138) and electrical conductivity of the soil paste (EC_p-meas) was measured with the so-called 2XP device. These measurements were compared with independent estimates of EC_a-calc and EC_p-calc based on laboratory measurements of the saturated extract, EC_e, of soil samples from the same sites. Soil salinity could be assessed satisfactorily with all four devices. EC_p-meas could be well reproduced by the 2XP device (R ² = 0.76), whereas EC_a-meas estimates using 2P, 4P, and CM-138 in the field were less accurate (R ² < 0.50). The sensitivity of all devices to the main ions Cl⁻ and Ca^{2 +} suggests that the measuring principles are similar for all instruments. The devices can therefore be used interchangeably. Field assessment of soil salinity was considerably enhanced by the use of CM-138, because large areas can be quickly assessed, which may be desirable in spite of the lower accuracy.     

桑沟湾养殖生态系统健康综合评价

桑沟湾是我国北方以筏式养殖利用为主的典型海湾,来自养殖的压力对海湾生态系统和养殖自身的健康发展产生了影响.利用《海洋养殖生态系统健康综合评价:方法与模式》建立的方法,对桑沟湾这一养殖生态系统的健康进行了综合评价.结果表明:桑沟湾养殖生态系统受到中等程度的压力,主要来自较高的养殖密度、较大的养殖面积和陆源营养盐的输入;生态系统状态等级为较好,其中水交换、水体环境和底质环境均为较好;自然生物群落状态为中等;生态系统响应中的养殖病害问题和养殖产品质量问题为中等.总体评价,桑沟湾养殖生态系统健康勉强达到较好水平,控制养殖密度和规模等措施是改善桑沟湾生态系统健康的必要途径.     

南极磷虾粉潜在危害因子分析及风险评价进展

南极磷虾粉是目前南极磷虾船载加工的主要产品之一,富含优质蛋白质、脂质、磷脂、虾青素和矿物质等物质,具有良好的开发利用前景。目前,南极磷虾粉主要用作水产动物饲料及提取油脂等的原料。然而,研究表明南极磷虾粉也存在潜在危害因子不明确等问题,严重限制了其应用领域和范围的拓展。因此,本文分析了南极磷虾粉潜在危害因子的来源、限量标准、检测方法等,介绍了南极磷虾粉风险评估进展,旨在为南极磷虾粉危害因子的减除和深度利用提供参考依据。     

Risk assessment and surveillance for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Argentina

An assessment was made of the risks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) occurring in Argentina. Most of the factors associated with the origin and development of the BSE epidemic in the UK are essentially absent. For example, Argentina's large sheep and cattle industries are based on low-cost production systems using grass. Concentrated feeds are not used for sheep, rarely for beef cattle and to a comparatively modest extent for dairy cows. Particularly important are the facts that scrapie (and BSE) has never been reported in Argentina—very small amounts of waste tissues from sheep are rendered to produce meat and bone meal (MBM)—and MBM is not used in concentrated feeds for cattle. We conclude that Argentina has an exceptionally low risk of BSE due to scrapie. There is a very small risk of BSE having been introduced via live animals imported from countries with BSE, but this could only give rise to isolated cases because MBM is not fed to cattle.

A surveillance programme has been carried out based largely on a histological examination of brains from three categories of old dairy cows: animals reported on the suspicion of having neurological disease; animals in poor condition at slaughter; healthy animals randomly selected in the abattoir. No evidence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy was seen in several sections from each of a total of 1019 brains. We conclude that, for most practical purposes, Argentina may be considered to be free from BSE.