乳牛隐性乳腺炎诊断试剂的研制

本文主要阐述吉林乳腺炎诊断试剂(JMT)的研制方法。该诊断试剂是采用国产不同表面活性剂28种,组成不同配方,进行筛选研究。经七年多的大量试验,根据检验效果、药源、价格和质量等因素,确定以阴离子型表面活性剂一烷基硫酸钠为主进行配方,并在其中加入溴甲酚紫做指示剂,不但可监测pH变化,且由于有颜色反应而有利于结果判定。JMT与CMT(加里福尼亚乳腺炎试剂)的作用机理相同,但所用表面活性剂不同。通过JMT与CMT对109头乳牛、436个乳区乳样的对比试验,其结果基本一致,因而JMT作为一种乳牛乳腺炎诊断试剂,可推广使用。     

PCR-based detection of genes encoding virulence determinants in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine subclinical mastitis cases

The present study was carried out to genotypically characterize Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from bovine mastitis cases. A total of 37 strains of S. aureus were isolated during processing of 552 milk samples from 140 cows. The S. aureus strains were characterized phenotypically, and were further characterized genotypically by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers that amplified genes encoding coagulase (coa), clumping factor (clfA), thermonuclease (nuc), enterotoxin A (entA), and the gene segments encoding the immunoglobulin G binding region and the X region of protein A gene spa. All of the isolates yielded an amplicon with a size of approximately 1,042 bp of the clfA gene. The amplification of the polymorphic spa gene segment encoding the immunoglobulin G binding region was observed in 34 isolates and X-region binding was detected in 26 isolates. Amplification of the coa gene yielded three different products in 20, 10, and 7 isolates. The amplification of the thermonuclease gene, nuc, was observed in 36 out of 37 isolates. All of the samples were negative for the entA gene. The phenotypic and genotypic findings of the present strategies might provide an understanding of the distribution of the prevalent S. aureus clones among bovine mastitis isolates, and might aid in the development of steps to control S. aureus infections in dairy herds.     

生物制剂在奶牛乳房炎防治中的应用

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛最常见、防治最难、花费最多的疾病之一，给奶牛业造成了巨大的经济损失。作者就细胞因子、溶菌酶和疫苗等生物制剂在奶牛乳房炎防治中的作用逐一进行了分析，为奶牛乳房炎的防治提供理论依据。     

21种中药对奶牛乳房炎3种病原菌的体外抑菌试验

采用琼脂平板扩散法 (打孔法 ) ,选择连翘、金银花、黄芩、黄柏、鱼腥草等 2 1种中草药对从奶牛乳房炎分离出的 3种主要致病菌进行了体外抑菌试验。结果发现 ,诃子、黄芩、石榴皮等的综合效果好 ,从而为中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的科学配方筛选提供了依据     

Lactoferrin Concentration in Milk of Bovine Clinical Mastitis

The lactoferrin (LF) concentration in the milk from dairy cows with clinical mastitis was determined to evaluate the relationship between the LF concentration (LFC) in milk and the non-specific defensive capability of the udder. The mean LFC in 368 milk samples from 319 cows with clinical mastitis was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of normal cows. The mean LFC in milk from quarters infected with Mycoplasma bovis or Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of quarters infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). In Escherichia coli mastitis, the level of LFC in milk from cows with peracute mastitis was significantly lower (p<0.01) than that from cows with acute mastitis. In cases of mastitis due to E. coli, the mean LFC in milk from cows that needed more than 10 days to recover from the mastitis or were not cured was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that for cows which took less than 10 days to be cured. The mean LFC in milk from cows with peracute E. coli mastitis was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that for cows with mastitis associated with environmental streptococci or CNS, although these low LF levels were somewhat increased after 46 h from the occurrence of mastitis. These results suggest that the decreased levels of LF in peracute E. coli mastitis may be associated with the progress of inflammation in the early phase of mastitis.     

The Influences of Dietary Selenium and Vitamin E Intakes on Milk Somatic Cell Counts and Mastitis in Cows

Dietary supplements of selenium and vitamin E in greater amounts than are required for nutritional adequacy can have complementary functions in reducing somatic cell counts and both the severity and duration of clinical mastitis. Selenium inadequacy is geographically widespread and can frequently be a year-round problem. In contrast, an adequate intake of fresh grass and quality grass silage or other green, leafy material should provide adequate vitamin E. Many observations indicate that in farm situations where there is good udder hygiene and where long-acting antibiotic treatment is given at drying off, significant correlations are found between the mean bulk milk somatic cell counts and the blood selenium concentration or glutathione peroxidase activity in the blood, even where plasma vitamin E concentration is fully adequate. The accompanying reduced incidence of clinically affected quarters diminishes the need for corrective antibiotic treatment during lactation. Presentation of selenium and vitamin E within a sustained-release rumen bolus system during the dry period and into the succeeding lactation is a convenient means of supplementation to avoid over- or under-consumption by individual cows within a group. Adequate hygiene of the environment, the milking equipment and the udder are essential.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎与胎次、年龄关系的探讨

奶牛隐性乳房炎是一种复杂的导致奶牛业经济损失最严重的疾病,是奶牛养殖过程中的常见病之一,其发病率高。为了摸清南通红梅乳业牧场隐性乳房炎的发病情况,笔者用北京亚临床乳房炎快速诊断液做试验,从胎次、年龄等两个方面分别调查了隐性乳房炎的头阳性率、乳区阳性率,并进行卡方分析,得出奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率同胎次、年龄等因素之间存在着密切的关系,随着胎次和年龄的增加隐性乳房炎的发病率呈上升趋势。     

牛奶酸碱度变化在奶牛隐性乳房炎检测中的应用

利用奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断液、光学显微镜以及pH211酸度计测定乳汁的pH值与体细胞的含量,确定奶牛隐性乳房炎与牛乳pH值的变化关系。结果表明,牛奶pH值的变化与体细胞和炎性细胞的含量呈正相关,即泌乳奶牛奶样的正常pH值在6.4～6.6之间;体细胞在20～50万·mL-1区间时,牛奶pH值在6.6～6.8之间;体细胞在50～150万·mL-1区间时,其pH值在6.8～7.0之间;体细胞在150～500万·mL-1区间时,其pH值在7.0～7.2之间;体细胞在大于500万·mL-1时,其pH值在7.2以上。     

瓜蒌散对奶牛临床型乳房炎临床疗效评价

为评价瓜蒌散对临床性乳房炎治疗效果,将患临床型乳房炎奶牛分为西药治疗组和中药治疗组,同时以乳房炎阴性健康奶牛作空白对照。各组分别在0、5、10、15 d采集样品。统计中药组、西药组治愈头数及有效头数;测定乳汁中体细胞数;乳清中SA、ALT、AST、LDH含量;检测各组淋巴细胞刺激指数和嗜中性粒细胞吞噬率。试验结果显示,中药组治愈率为57.1%、有效率为92.9%,西药组治愈率为23.1%,有效率为69.2%;给药15 d后,中药治疗组乳汁中SCC低于西药组(P0.01);西药组淋巴刺激指数低于健康组(P0.05);西药组嗜中性粒细胞吞噬率低于健康组(P0.05),中药治疗组与健康组比较无显著差异(P0.05);中药治疗组SA、ALT、AST、LDH低于对照组(P0.01)。结果表明,瓜蒌散具有加速受损乳腺组织修复作用,对奶牛临床型乳房炎治疗效果显著。     

不同地区3个奶牛场临床型乳房炎细菌病原种类分析

本试验通过对不同地区3个奶牛场临床型乳房炎细菌病原的分离鉴定,分析其种类和感染情况,并结合牧场环境状况和管理方式,提出控制乳房炎的建议.从中国福建、新疆、重庆3个不同规模化奶牛场采集61份临床型乳房炎乳样,采用传统微生物鉴定方法与PCR技术进行细菌分离鉴定.结果表明,61份临床型乳房炎乳样中单一感染44份(72.13%),混合感染15份(24.59%);共分离到细菌80株,经传统微生物鉴定方法与PCR技术鉴定主要为大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌和链球菌,其中传染性微生物13株(16.25%)、环境性微生物46株(57.50%)、机会性微生物11株(13.75%)、其他微生物10株(12.50%);3个奶牛场临床型乳房炎仍以单一感染为主,混合感染占有一定的比例,传染性致病菌和环境性致病菌为主要致病菌.在实际生产中,规模化牧场可以通过对乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定来摸清牧场奶牛乳房炎的感染情况和致病菌种类,结合生产实际有助于了解牛群管理情况,发现问题并加以改善,更好的控制乳房炎的发生.