Fungi isolated from bovine udders,and their possible sources

AIM: To identify fungi isolated from infections of the bovine mammary gland, and establish their possible sources.

METHODS: From a herd of 420 cows, milk samples were collected from all quarters at calving and cultured to detect causative organisms. Quarters identified as infected with fungi were further sampled during early lactation. Samples from feedstuffs, the feed pad and ends of teats were also collected and analysed for the presence of fungi.

RESULTS: Eleven of 420 cows were diagnosed with intramammary infections (IMI) caused by yeasts (nine cows, 10 quarters) and moulds (two cows, three quarters). Six of the yeast species had previously been reported as being responsible for mastitis. Elevated somatic cell counts (SCC) were observed in many quarters, but most infections were eliminated spontaneously. Two of the fungi isolated from milk samples were also isolated from feedstuffs and teat swabs, and seven other fungi isolated from milk samples were not isolated from feed, the feed pad or cows' teats.

CONCLUSIONS: Isolation of fungi from the udder is rarely reported in dairy cows in New Zealand. In this herd, contamination of the end of the teat originating from feedstuffs and possibly exacerbated by the use of a feed pad may have led to the establishment of IMI caused by fungi.

CLINICAL RELEVENCE: Fungi are infrequently if ever reported in mastitis trial data or surveys in New Zealand and are probably of little clinical significance.     

Genetic associations between somatic cell score and pathogen‐specific subclinical mastitis in Norwegian Red cows

The aim of this study was to estimate heritabilities of and genetic correlations between pathogen‐specific subclinical mastitis (SCM) traits and lactation mean somatic cell score (LSCS) in Norwegian Red cattle. Based on data from 130 733 first‐lactation cows four binary pathogen‐specific SCM traits, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and coagulase‐negative staphylococci SCM, were analysed together with unspecific SCM and LSCS using a multivariate sire model with threshold models for binary traits and a linear model for LSCS. Posterior means (SD) of heritabilities were 0.17 (0.01) for LSCS, 0.11 (0.01) for liability to unspecific SCM and ranged from 0.04 (Staph. aureus) to 0.14 (Strep. dysgalactiae) for liability to pathogen‐specific SCM. Genetic correlations were positive and moderate to high, ranging from 0.37 to 0.98. All genetic correlations except the one between LSCS and unspecific SCM were lower than 1, indicating that SCM caused by different pathogens can be considered as partly different traits.     

“乳黄消散”对临床型奶牛乳房炎治疗效果

为观察不同给药量的"乳黄消散"对临床型奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果,为临床治疗提供可靠依据,选取患临床型乳房炎的泌乳牛40头,随机分为3个试验组和1个对照组,每组10头牛。试验组分别用不同给药量的"乳黄消散"进行治疗(高、中、低剂量组给药量分别为1 500、1 000、500 g/d),"公英散"对照组给药量为500 g/d,观察并统计临床治疗效果、治疗前后乳汁LMT检测情况及细菌变化情况。结果显示,"乳黄消散"中剂量组治愈率及总有效率最高,极显著高于高剂量组和低剂量组,高剂量组治愈率和总有效率次之,低剂量组最低。试验组治愈率和总有效率均极显著高于对照"公英散"组。LMT检测结果显示,治疗前40个乳区均为强阳性"+++",治疗后均为"+、+或-"。乳汁细菌检测结果显示,治疗前主要为大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌和屎肠球菌等,治疗后3～5 d同一乳区细菌检测结果显示,试验组的细菌总转阴率达66.67%～100.00%,对照组细菌总转阴率达50.00%～100.00%。综合考虑,"乳黄消散"中剂量组临床治疗效果最佳。     

地肤通乳散治疗奶牛乳房炎临床疗效及作用靶点预测

为探讨地肤通乳散治疗奶牛乳房炎的临床效果、抗菌活性及作用机制,先利用微量肉汤法测定地肤通乳散对奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌体外抗菌活性,再对患有乳房炎的奶牛进行治疗,观察治愈率和有效率,最后利用BATMAN、STRING、Cytoscape等数据库及软件对地肤通乳散治疗奶牛乳房炎作用靶点进行分析。结果显示,地肤通乳散对无乳链球菌抑制、杀灭浓度均为1.52 mg·mL^-1;对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑制浓度为25 mg·mL^-1,最小杀菌浓度是最小抑制浓度的2倍;对奶牛乳房炎的治愈率为63.16%,有效率可达89.47%。地肤通乳散中共筛选得到21个活性化合物,对应靶点173个,枢纽靶点5个。上述结果说明,地肤通乳散对奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌体外抗菌活性较高,临床疗效确切,可能主要通过枢纽靶点5'-核苷酸酶、白介素-8、雌激素受体1、磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸3-激酶催化亚基α和磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸3-激酶催化亚基β作用于肿瘤坏死因子、Janus激酶2、Toll样受体4、原癌基因RelA、NF-κB亚基和趋化因子CXCL12来治疗奶牛乳房炎。     

Mycoplasma leachii causes bovine mastitis: Evidence from clinical symptoms,histopathology and immunohistochemistry

Twelve quarters of six lactating cows were inoculated with Mycoplasma leachii strain GN407 through intramammary ductal infusion; another 12 quarters were inoculated with heat-inactivated M. leachii culture medium as negative controls. Multidisciplinary procedures, including clinical assessment, etiology assessment, pathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC), were used to elucidate the pathogenicity of M. leachii in bovine mastitis. From post-inoculation days (PIDs) 3 to 9, 12 inoculated quarters developed mild to severe clinical mastitis and mammary tissue histopathological changes, including inflammatory cell infiltration and architectural destruction of mammary gland ducts. The M. leachii antigen was also detected by IHC in the mammary gland epithelial cells of the inoculated quarters as a weak signal on PID 6 and as a strong signal on PID 9. The control quarters also developed mild mastitis and histopathological changes on PID 9, and M. leachii was also detected by IHC. Throughout the experimental period, the quarters of the negative control cow were clinically and pathologically normal, and the M. leachii antigen was not detected. In conclusion, direct histological and immunohistochemical evidence confirmed that M. leachii causes clinical bovine mastitis through histopathological lesions induced by invasion of the pathogen into mammary gland cells and through inflammatory cell infiltration.     

A case of verminous mastitis in a mare

This report describes bilateral mammary gland infection with a previously unidentified Cephalobus species of nematode. Only one previous case of verminous mastitis due to a Cephalobus species has been reported, pre-dating the widespread use of molecular diagnostics. This report describes the case presentation and management, as well as the morphological and molecular methods of nematode identification.     

奶牛乳腺炎防治方法的研究进展

综述了传统及现代防治乳腺炎的方法,如注射、激光、中草药疗法等。同时,概述了国内外新型制剂和乳房炎的预防措施。     

无乳链球菌检测及其奶牛乳腺炎防治的研究进展

本文就近年来国内外在无乳链球菌的鉴定、检测方法、防御等方面的研究进展进行了系统性的综述,为控制该病原微生物的传播、蔓延和由无乳链球菌引起的奶牛乳腺炎的防治提供参考。无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）属于B群链球菌,是影响人畜健康的重要病原微生物之一。它可以引起新生儿脑膜炎、肺炎、败血病等,又是奶牛乳腺炎的主要病原体之一,给奶牛业造成了巨大的损失。     

宿主防御肽在奶牛乳腺中的表达及应用

宿主防御肽是生物体内产生的一类具有抗菌作用的阳离子多肽,是生物体非特异性免疫功能的重要组成部分。宿主防御肽具有广谱、抗菌、耐热、无毒、不易产生耐药性等诸多特性,在畜牧生产中具有广阔的应用前景。本文主要对宿主防御肽在先天免疫系统中的作用、奶牛乳腺中的表达及乳房炎诊断与治疗应用的研究进展进行综述,为宿主防御肽作为抗生素替代品在畜牧生产中的研究与应用提供理论支持。