祁连山水源涵养林枯枝落叶层水文生态功能

通过对祁连山水源涵养林凋落物及其分解过程以及蓄积量随时间变化的分析,研究了枯枝落叶层的持水、截留作用和蓄水保土效益,认为祁连山水源涵养林枯枝落叶层的水文生态功能最终体现在水土保持和水源涵养效能上,为综合评价祁连山水源涵养林生态功能提供了科学依据.     

我国水产高等教育的百年沿革与战略转型

20世纪初,为维护海权,清政府、国民政府先后学习日、美等国经验,开始发展水产教育。新中国成立后,上海水产学院等若干所本科水产学府从1952年起陆续建立。20世纪五六十年代,中国学习苏联水产高校经验,奠定中国水产高等教育的主要格局。经过几十年发展,中国水产高等教育取得很大成就,为中国水产业发展做出突出贡献。20世纪末,为适应海洋产业发展需要、水产高等教育自身发展需要以及适应现代海洋社会建设的需要,中国的水产高校先后更名为海洋大学,由单科性水产高校转型为综合性海洋大学。水产高校更名为海洋大学,促进了我国海洋高等教育的发展。为有效构建海洋高等教育体系,今后海洋高等教育宜走高起点、国际化办学之路,协调发展基础学科与应用学科,进一步优化海洋高等教育结构,以及在政府、高校和社会之间构建三方良性互动机制。     

刺槐和油松枯落叶腐殖质化对气候温湿变化的响应

为探讨气候温湿变化对枯落叶腐殖质化的影响,本研究采集刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）和油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）枯落叶,采用室内模拟分解试验研究不同湿度与温度条件下刺槐和油松枯落叶的腐殖化程度。结果表明：对于刺槐枯落叶,潮温条件下的腐殖质化程度比干冷条件下提高了5.54%,而湿热条件下的腐殖质化程度比潮温条件下降低了56.27%;对于油松枯落叶,潮温条件下的腐殖质化程度比干冷条件下提高了104.88%,而湿热条件下的腐殖质化程度比潮温条件下降低了2.22%。其中有利于提高刺槐腐殖化程度的土壤性质为磷酸酶和脲酶活性,相对不利的土壤性质为光密度值和有效磷含量;相对有利于提高油松腐殖化程度的土壤性质是碱解氮含量,相对不利的土壤性质为速效钾含量和磷酸酶活性。刺槐和油松枯落叶腐殖质化对气候温湿变化响应明显,研究结果将为林地土壤肥力维持和植被管理提供一定理论依据和参考价值。     

沙质海岸5种植被类型土壤物理性状及其水源涵养功能

通过对沙质海岸5种植被类型的土壤物理性状和水源涵养功能的研究,结果表明:(1)混交林和草地的土壤物理性状及贮水能力明显优于纯林地的土壤物理性状;(2 ) 5种植被类型土壤的涵养水源能力大小依次为草地>黑松刺槐混交林>黑松纯林>柽柳林>刺槐纯林;表层土壤高于底层土壤;(3)各植被类型枯落物的饱和持水率在10 5 12 % 4 5 3 6 4 % ,水容量在4 5 833 17t/hm2 之间;刺槐纯林枯落物的水源涵养功能最大;(4) 5种植被类型的涵养水源量在14 76 6 6～1870 38t/hm2 之间。各植被类型的土壤蓄水量占总涵养水源量的98%以上     

Prey depletion caused by overfishing and the decline of marine megafauna in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters (central Mediterranean)

Surveys primarily aimed at determining dolphin encounter rates were conducted from small inflatable craft in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters between 1997 and 2004. During 633 surveys totalling 21,276 km of effort, observations of cetaceans and other marine species spotted in a study area of 480 km² were systematically recorded. Common dolphin encounter rates declined 25-fold across the study period, steadily decreasing from 2.18 encounters/100 km in 1997 to 0.09 encounters/100 km in 2004. Encounter rates of tuna also declined significantly. Swordfish encounter rates dropped from 1.03 encounters/100 km in 1997 to 0-0.12 in 1998-2004. Encounter rates of bottlenose dolphins did not show significant trends. The decline of high-order marine predators feeding on epipelagic prey was consistent with the hypothesis of prey depletion, likely resulting from intensive exploitation of local fish stocks, particularly anchovies and sardines. The catholic feeding habits and opportunistic behaviour of bottlenose dolphins may allow them to withstand the effects of overfishing at their present low density.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

A microcosm study on the respiration and weight loss in birch litter and raw humus as influenced by soil fauna

Summary The effect of diverse soil fauna (Collembola, Acari, Enchytraeidae, Nematoda) on decomposition of dead organic matter was studied in microcosms containing (1) birch leaf litter, (2) raw humus of coniferous forest and (3) litter on humus. Total respiration (CO₂ evolution) was monitored weekly, and mass loss, length of fungal hyphae (total and metabolically active) and survival of animal populations were checked at the end of weeks 12 and 21–22 from the start of experiment. Animal populations established themselves well during the incubation. At the end of the experiment some replicates containing litter had microarthropod densities of up to 500 specimens per microcosm, corresponding to a field population of 200 000 m^–2. The soil animals had a positive influence on total respiration in all substrates. By the end of experiment 32.0%, 22.6% and 14.6% more CO₂ had evolved in the presence of animals in litter, litter + humus and humus alone, respectively. There was clear trend towards a higher mass loss in the presence of animals, though it was significant in litter only. Our results showed that a diverse soil animal community enhances the activity of soil microbes, and may thereby accelerate decomposition in raw coniferous forest soil.