新疆节水灌区农田排水措施分析

随着膜下滴灌技术在新疆的大力推广应用,灌排模式发生了改变,从而导致了新的土壤次生盐渍化问题。在阐述新疆3种排水措施——明沟排水、暗管排水和竖井排灌发展的基础上,分析了目前新疆节水灌区农田排水措施存在的问题,结合南疆某一节水灌区灌排试验,分析了排水措施对土壤盐分及地下水位、矿化度的影响,为当地灌排模式提出合理化建议,且为减轻节水灌区的土壤盐渍化提供参考借鉴。     

农村电力排灌站电气设备最优配置的若干思考

农村电力排灌站电气设备主要是利用电力进行农业用水资源调配的水利设施。笔者根据自身工作经验,主要对农村电力排灌站电气设备最优配置进行了一番分析与研究。     

水田灌排一体化系统的开发与应用

分析国内外农业灌溉和排水领域发展的研究现状和目前常见的灌排装置的特点,针对中国灌溉排水研究领域对节水灌溉、控制排水设施的迫切需求,提出了水田灌排一体化系统的设计方案.该系统能根据农作物不同时期对水位的需求,充分利用灌溉和降雨的水量,较为精确地控制水田的灌溉和排水水位,解决了原有灌排设备无法同时实现灌溉和排水自动控制的难题.实际应用结果表明,水田灌排一体化系统试验区和对照区相比,降雨量增加利用150 mm,降雨利用率提高21%,减少灌水量21%;水稻亩产量增加4.3%;提高肥料的利用效率,减少农业面源污染.该系统结构简单、操作方便,具有可观的经济、生态效益和广阔的应用前景.     

大型排灌工程项目后评价理论及方法

大型排灌工程项目后评价是大型排灌工程项目科学管理的重要环节。根据大型排灌工程的具体特点 ,讨论项目后评价的理论基础和评价方法 ,分析了大型排灌工程项目后评价的特点、内容、基本原则和程序 ,提出了后评价的指标体系及各种指标的计算方法。     

农田水利工程专业国家自然科学基金2001～2003年资助情况简要分析

农田水利工程专业国家自然科学基金近3年的资助情况表明:农田水利工程专业的基础研究队伍以35～45岁的青年学者为主,在水利学科中,其研究队伍较小、整体实力不强,与国家目标的需求尚存在一定的差距。从研究内容来看,节水灌溉技术机理及相关研究、提高水分利用效率(WUE)的机理研究与水肥耦合关系研究仍占据着主导地位;尺度效应与空间变异性研究、水资源利用的生态环境效应研究已日益引起广泛关注,正在成为新的研究热点;有关溶质运移(包括水盐运动、污水灌溉等)的基础理论研究仍然是重要的研究方向;农田排水研究已逐步冷清。农田水利的研究方法仍以物理实验和数值模拟为主,部分研究者已开始尝试将地质统计学、分形理论、人工神经网络模型、随机微分方程等数学方法及水文模型、遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)、数字高程模型(DEM)等其它学科的研究方法引入农田水利问题的研究之中,农田水利与化学、生物学和农学等学科的结合与交叉正在逐步加强。     

淮北平原涝渍兼治的组合排水工程形式

由于淮北平原砂姜黑土区的气候、地形、地貌、水文地质、土壤等多方面原因，致使旱、涝、渍频繁，且涝渍灾害往往是紧密相连，先涝后渍，涝渍相随．造成大面积减产．甚至绝收，旱、涝、渍灾害一直困扰着本区的农业发展。通过试验及调查，从治理涝渍效果、提高农业产量、投入产出等方面进行综合分析，提出了几种适宜于本区的组合排水形式。     

利用报废拖拉机车架制作手动压力机

压力机是机动车维修中常用的设备之一,主要用于安装或拆卸各种轴承、皮带轮、齿轮以及过渡配合的各种零件,也用于校正弯曲的轴类零件和连杆等。使用压力机可以提高维修质量和工作效率,确保安全生产和文明生产。为此,介绍了一种利用报废拖拉机车架设计制作手动压力机的方法,供大家参考。     

Controlled water table management as a strategy for reducing salt loads from subsurface drainage under perennial agriculture in semi-arid Australia

Recent community based actions to ensure the sustainability of irrigation and protection of associated ecosystems in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of Australia has seen the implementation of a regional Land and Water Management Plan. This aims to improve land and water management within the irrigation area and minimise downstream impacts associated with irrigation. One of the plan objectives is to decrease current salt loads generated from subsurface drainage in perennial horticulture within the area from 20 000 tonnes/year to 17 000 tonnes/year. In order to meet such objectives Controlled Water table Management (CWM) is being investigated as a possible ‘Best Management Practice’, to reduce drainage volumes and salt loads.During 2000–2002 a trial was conducted on a 15 ha subsurface drained vineyard. This compared a traditional unmanaged subsurface drainage system with a controlled drainage system utilizing weirs to maintain water tables and changes in irrigation scheduling to maximize the potential crop use of a shallow water table. Drainage volumes, salt loads and water table elevations throughout the field were monitored to investigate the effects of controlled drainage on drain flows and salt loads.Results from the experiment showed that controlled drainage significantly reduced drainage volumes and salt loads compared to unmanaged systems. However, there were marked increases in soil salinity which will need to be carefully monitored and managed.     

湖北省省直农场高标准农田水利建设定型化研究

本文针对湖北省省直农场的具体情况开展了高标准农田水利建设定型化研究,为同类地区的高标准农田水利建设探索新的途径。     

Farm salinity appraisal with water reuse

The need for a better understanding of the interaction between irrigation practices and the elevation and quality of the water table is of paramount importance for developing irrigation management strategies to ameliorate the regional problems of elevated saline water tables in the San Joaquin Valley, California. An area of approximately 3000 ha which includes portions of the Diener Ranch and the adjacent University of California, Westside Research and Extension Center, located south of Five Points in the Westlands Water District on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley was chosen for extensive field measurements. Field work consisted of four main activities namely, field instrumentation, collection of records of field activities, periodic data collection, and analyses of field data. Field measurements of water table carried out during 1994 indicated that the water table elevation was sensitive to the irrigation practices. There was a general increase in the area with a water table close to the surface during the irrigation season, and a return to water table elevations similar to the starting conditions at the end of the season. During the study period, the surface water quality deteriorated more in areas irrigated with reuse water and persisted through the end of the season. Depth averaged electrical conductivity for the study area over 6.5 m decreased between December 1993 and December 1994. Vertical hydraulic gradients in the saturated zone, were found to be an order of magnitude larger than horizontal gradients. The direction of vertical gradients changed, with downward gradients following pre-irrigations and upward gradients later in the season, when crop water requirements increased. Based on the results of the field study, it can be concluded that the irrigation management practices have a direct effect on local water table response as well as on water quality. Therefore, irrigation practices that promote less deep percolation losses may be helpful in controlling the water table rise.