膳食纤维在乳制品中的应用

论文阐述了膳食纤维定义的历史演变，从生理学定义到化学定义，最后统一到生理、化学相结合的定义。文章还列举了主要国家的膳食纤维规定，并给出了最新的国际公认的膳食纤维定义。在此基础上，文章列出日本和国内膳食纤维在乳制品中应用的情况。     

饲料添加半乳甘露寡糖对刺参幼参生长、体壁营养组成及免疫力的影响

以初始体质量为(1.79±0.06) g的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为研究对象, 进行为期8周养殖实验, 研究饲料中添加半乳甘露寡糖对刺参生长、消化、体壁营养组成及免疫力的影响。以基础饲料(E0)为对照组, 在基础饲料中分别添加0.2% (E1)、0.4% (E2)、0.8% (E3)、1.2% (E4)和1.6% (E5)的半乳甘露寡糖, 共配制5种实验饲料。结果表明: (1) 饲料中添加不同浓度的半乳甘露寡糖对幼参增重率及特定生长率具有显著影响, 各处理组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而对脏壁比及肠壁比无显著影响(P>0.05), 1.2%(E4组)添加水平下, 刺参增重率及特定生长率最高。(2) 饲料中添加不同浓度的半乳甘露寡糖对幼参肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶活力均无显著影响(P>0.05)。(3) 饲料中添加不同浓度的半乳甘露寡糖对幼参体壁酸性黏多糖及糖醛酸含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。添加半乳甘露寡糖比例0.2%(E1)、0.4%(E2)、0.8%(E3)、1.2%(E4)的处理组, 刺参体壁氨基酸总量及谷氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而1.6%(E5)组体壁氨基酸总量及Glu、Gly、Arg含量与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。(4) 饲料中添加半乳甘露寡糖对体壁及体腔液超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶及溶菌酶活性具有显著影响(P<0.05), 同时对体腔细胞溶菌酶活性影响显著(P<0.05)。实验可以得到以下结论: (1) 饲料中添加半乳甘露寡糖不仅可以提高刺参免疫力, 并且可以提高特定生长率, 并改善体壁氨基酸组成; (2) 刺参饲料中半乳甘露寡糖的合适添加比例为1.2%。     

产甘露聚糖酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌的筛选鉴定及产酶条件优化

从海底淤泥中筛选出一株产高活性β-甘露聚糖酶的菌株,经16S rDNA序列分析表明,该序列与解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)的16S rDNA序列同源性为100％,将该菌株命名为Bacillus amyloliquefaciens T27.对该菌株产酶条件进行了优化,以魔芋粉为碳源,酵母粉为氮源,装液量为50 mL,250 r/min、37℃培养24h,发酵液中粗酶活力能达到98.0 U/mL.     

Characterization of a vector-non-transmissible isolate of Tomato spotted wilt virus

The characteristics of a thrips‐non‐transmissible isolate of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), designated TSWV‐M, were compared with those of a thrips‐transmissible isolate, designated TSWV‐T. TSWV‐M showed a narrower host range than TSWV‐T. Adult thrips failed to transmit TSWV‐M, although the vector acquired the virus during the larval stages. TSWV‐M was detected by RT‐PCR in adult thrips bodies, but not in thrips heads, suggesting that loss of thrips transmissibility was the result of the absence of virus in adult thrips salivary glands. Whereas N (nucleoprotein), NSs (non‐structural protein) and G_C (the C‐terminal portion of the glycoprotein precursor protein) were present in similar amounts in leaf tissue from TSWV‐M‐ or TSWV‐T‐infected plants, G_N (the N‐terminal portion of the glycoprotein precursor protein) was present at much lower amounts in TSWV‐M‐ than in TSWV‐T‐infected plants. SDS‐PAGE and immunoblotting analysis of TSWV‐M and TSWV‐T virion preparations with G_N‐ and G_C‐specific antibodies revealed similar amounts of the G_N and G_C glycoproteins in TSWV‐T virions, but lower amounts of G_N than G_C in TSWV‐M virions. This resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the G_N/G_C ratio in TSWV‐M virions. In affinoblots, the G_C and G_N glycoproteins of TSWV‐M exhibited weak binding with lectins showing affinity for N‐linked oligosaccharide structures. Sequence analysis of M RNA (medium segment of the TSMV genome) revealed no deletions or frameshift mutations in the G_N/G_C precursor of TSWV‐M. However, five amino acid changes were detected in the G_N/G_C precursor. A single, relatively conservative amino acid substitution (V→I) was observed in the NSm protein. Sequence analysis of S RNA (small portion of the TSMV genome) revealed a large intergenic region with no changes in the N protein and with three amino acid changes in the NSs protein.     

甘露寡糖对低盐胁迫下凡纳滨对虾生长、健康及肠道菌群的影响

为研究低盐胁迫(盐度3)下,饲料添加不同含量的甘露寡糖(mannan oligosacchar-ide,MOS)对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫力和肠道微生物的影响.低盐条件下,给实验组对虾(0.68±0.01)g分别饲喂含有2、4和8g/kgMOS的实验饲料,并将在盐度25和3条件下饲喂0 g/kg MOS饲料...     

寡糖诱导植物防卫反应的信号转导

寡糖作为一种生物类激发子,可以诱导植物产生防卫反应,提高植物的抗病性,从而抵御病原物的入侵。本文就寡糖的种类、特点及诱导植物防卫反应信号转导等方面作一评述。