休闲渔业的现状与在我国的发展对策

20世纪60年代以来，休闲渔业在一些经济较为发达的沿海国家和地区迅速崛起，将休闲、娱乐、旅游、餐饮等行业与渔业有机结合为一体，提高了渔业的社会、生态和经济效益，形成一种新型产业。休闲渔业已经成为现代渔业的重要组成部分，并在渔业资源保护、促进渔民增收、调整渔业产业结构等方面都有其不可忽视的作用。然而，作为一种新兴产业的发展，必然要有配套的规划和管理，本文对这一问题进行了深入研究，并提出了一些对策。     

A stochastic surplus production model in continuous time

Surplus production modelling has a long history as a method for managing data‐limited fish stocks. Recent advancements have cast surplus production models as state‐space models that separate random variability of stock dynamics from error in observed indices of biomass. We present a stochastic surplus production model in continuous time (SPiCT), which in addition to stock dynamics also models the dynamics of the fisheries. This enables error in the catch process to be reflected in the uncertainty of estimated model parameters and management quantities. Benefits of the continuous‐time state‐space model formulation include the ability to provide estimates of exploitable biomass and fishing mortality at any point in time from data sampled at arbitrary and possibly irregular intervals. We show in a simulation that the ability to analyse subannual data can increase the effective sample size and improve estimation of reference points relative to discrete‐time analysis of aggregated annual data. Finally, subannual data from five North Sea stocks are analysed with particular focus on using residual analysis to diagnose model insufficiencies and identify necessary model extensions such as robust estimation and incorporation of seasonality. We argue that including all known sources of uncertainty, propagation of that uncertainty to reference points and checking of model assumptions using residuals are critical prerequisites to rigorous fish stock management based on surplus production models.     

渔业管理中生物学参考点的理论及其应用

生物学参考点常被表示为与渔业管理相关联的捕捞死亡率和生物量,是单从生物学角度来衡量渔业资源及其开发状况的指标。通常可分为目标参考点、限制参考点和阈值参考点。目标参考点是为了持续获得某一目标渔获量所需的最小生物量和相应捕捞死亡率,包括目标生物量(Bmsy)、目标产卵亲体量(Smsy、SSB35%、SSB40%)、目标捕捞死亡率(Fmsy、Fmax、F0.1、Fmed、F40%、F40%)等参数。限制参考点用于保证捕捞死亡率不会高到危害鱼类种群的可持续利用和其生物量不会低到危害其生存,主要包括Fmsy、Fmax、F0.1、Fcrash、F20%、Bloss等参数。阈值参考点介于目标参考点和限制参考点之间,包括预防性捕捞死亡率Fpa、预防性生物量Bpa,主要对渔业资源的开发和管理进行预警,防止生物量小于BL。生物学参考点主要应用动态综合模型、产量模型和亲体量补充量关系模型来估算,估算过程中需要考虑到补充、生长、死亡等生命史过程中的不确定性。本文对生物学参考点的发展和应用进行了综述,并以金枪鱼渔业为例阐述它在渔业管理上的应用。近几十年来,我国近海渔业资源出现衰退,亟需利用生物学参考点的原理和方法对重要渔业资源种类进行...     

Optimising codend configuration in a multispecies demersal trawl fishery

Abstract The relative efficiencies and selectivities of conventional and modified codends were examined in a demersal trawl fishery targeting several species, including eastern king prawns, Penaeus plebejus (Hess), whiting, Sillago spp. and cephalopods. The modifications to codends included: (i) reducing the circumference; (ii) increasing the mesh size in conventional diamond‐mesh designs; and (iii) orientating meshes on the bar so that they were square shaped. The codends were tested against a fine‐meshed control in paired comparisons onboard three commercial trawlers. The conventional codend comprised 41‐mm diamond‐shaped mesh attached to an anterior extension section at a ratio of 150 to 100 meshes and was demonstrated to be non‐selective for the targeted species. Reducing codend circumference to 100 meshes and increasing the size of mesh to 45 mm both improved selection for eastern king prawns, but the lateral mesh openings were estimated to be insufficient to allow juveniles of the other key species to escape. By contrast, codends made from 35‐ and 41‐mm mesh hung on the bar improved the size selection for eastern king prawns and selected stout whiting, Sillago robusta (Stead) (the smallest commercial‐sized fish) across narrow selection ranges and at 50% sizes of retention (L₅₀s) that were closely correlated to the transverse morphology of fish and the maximum mesh opening. With the exception of a reduction in catches of octopus, Octopus spp., by the 41‐square codend, there were no other impacts on commercial catches by the square‐mesh designs. It was concluded that diamond‐mesh codends are inappropriate for use throughout this multispecies fishery and that a modified design comprising at least 35‐mm mesh hung on the bar is required to minimise the fishing mortality of unwanted sizes of the key target species. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of these types of modifications for closely regulating selection in penaeid‐shrimp trawls.     

高原型牦母牛生产周期中体况评分变化监测

对240头牦母牛进行为期一年的体况评分监测,发现牦母牛体况变化与草地饲草的供给状况相一致,牦母牛体况变化基本规律为暖季表现为快速上膘,冷季呈现逐步消耗。体况评分最低的时期为5~6月份,最高在10月和11月份。体况消长变化呈现两年一周期的模式。     

饲料企业家族化管理弊端分析与应对策略

饲料行业作为国民经济发展中的重要一环,对解决就业、促进区域经济增长、推动产业结构优化调整等起到重要作用.回顾饲料行业的发展历程,由于过去饲料行业门槛较低且呈现明显的地域分布规律,以家族管理模式创立的饲料企业数量较多.家族化管理一定程度上提升了企业的凝聚性,且具有执行效率高、管理成本低等优势.但随着行业竞争的进一步加剧,...     

贵州赤水楠竹林菌笋复合经营技术

为充分利用楠竹林地空间,提高竹林经济效益,对楠竹林采用丰产技术措施培育笋用林,并在林下种植竹荪,实施菌笋复合经营。结果显示,通过对楠竹林采取调整立竹结构、劈山抚育、林地清理、林地垦复、留笋养竹、病虫害防治等一系列丰产技术措施,竹林春笋产量明显提高,较对照提高62.49%;若同时在林下种植竹荪,则春笋产量更高,较对照增加1.69倍,同时可收获鲜竹荪超过400 kg/667 m²。该研究总结出的一套楠竹林菌笋复合经营技术,具有重要的推广价值。     

基于Web服务技术的研究生信息管理系统构架与实现

本文在对高校研究生管理状况进行分析的基础上结合先进的计算机技术,提出了一个基于Web Service技术的跨地域研究生管理系统构架和实现方案,以求实现广域网上各子系统的代码重用、资源共享、平台独立以及松散耦合,为广域网上数据库应用系统的开发提供了新的思路。     

逆向物流的管理操作探讨

首先阐述了逆向物流的产生背景及涵义,然后具体分析了供应链中的逆向物流活动,以及操作模式,对如何管理逆向物流提出了自己的看法,进而引出逆向物流管理存在的困难。