蛋白质代谢通路对鸡雄性生殖细胞分化的调控

【目的】探究蛋白质代谢在鸡雄性生殖细胞分化过程中的作用机制,为完善鸡胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ESC)体外向雄性生殖细胞诱导分化体系研究提供依据。【方法】采用流式分选的方法获取高纯度的ESC、原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cells,PGCs)和精原干细胞(spermatogonia stem cell,SSCs),分别提取细胞的总RNA,采用RNA-Seq方法对3种细胞的转录本进行深度测序,然后进行WEGO(web gene ontology)和KEGG(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)通路富集分析,筛选出鸡雄性生殖细胞分化过程中参与蛋白质代谢的关键通路及其关键基因,RT-q PCR(Real time Quantitative PCR)检测部分关键差异基因的表达变化,并与RNA-Seq(RNA sequencing)结果进行比较分析,同时分别从体内和体外水平对关键基因NOS2进行抑制,观察各分组不同天数的细胞形态变化及检测NOS2和C-kit、Cvh、Stra8、Dazl、integrinα6和integrinβ1等生殖标记基因表达变化情况。【结果】在雄性生殖细胞分化的整个阶段,有697个差异基因参与生物代谢,显著富集于精氨酸-脯氨酸代谢通路、酪氨酸代谢通路以及色氨酸代谢通路,在这3条通路上筛选出NOS2、FAH和IDO等关键性基因,这些基因的在ESCs向SSCs分化过程中表达变化趋势与其在RNA-Seq中的结果一致。体内抑制NOS2基因后,NOS2及C-kit、Cvh、Stra8、Dazl、integrinα6和integrinβ1等生殖标记基因在空白组和对照组之间无显著性的差异,而在抑制剂组中,NOS2及C-kit、Cvh、Stra8、Dazl、integrinα6和integrinβ1等生殖标记基因的m RNA表达量均出现了降低;而体外抑制NOS2基因后,对照组中的ESCs在2、4、6、8和10d内细胞不断增殖,但是未出现类胚体;RA诱导组中,2d出现小的类胚体,4d类胚体增大,且数量增多,6d类胚体边缘开始出现破裂,8d类胚体解体,10d出现类精原样细胞;抑制剂组中,ESCs在2、4、6、8和10d内无类胚体出现,且相较于对照组细胞增殖缓慢;RA+抑制剂组中,2和4d内无类胚体出现,细胞增殖缓慢,6d出现小的类胚体,8d类胚体数量少量增多,且体积稍显增大,10d类胚体开始裂解。并且经过抑制剂的抑制后,NOS2及C-kit、Cvh、Stra8、Dazl、integrinα6和integrinβ1等生殖标记基因的表达量在RA诱导组、抑制剂组和RA+抑制剂组中相对于对照组均呈显著性或极显著性的下调趋势。【结论】基于RNA-Seq技术及生物信息学方法筛选出ESCs向雄性生殖细胞分化过程中精氨酸-脯氨酸代谢通路及关键基因NOS2的基础上,通过对NOS2基因在鸡体内和体外的抑制,发现NOS2在被抑制后,ESCs向雄性生殖细胞分化的过程受到抑制。说明了精氨酸-脯氨酸代谢通路及关键基因NOS2对ESCs向雄性生殖细胞分化过程中起到重要的调节作用。     

Colostrogenesis during an induced lactation in dairy cattle

Colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) is of major importance for the newborn calf because epitheliochorial placentae do not provide transport in utero. The formation of colostrum occurs in the later stages of pregnancy. Our objectives were to induce lactation in non‐pregnant dairy cows and (i) to determine the changes of IgG in serum and mammary secretions during the induction process and (ii) to establish α‐lactalbumin (αLA) and prolactin (Prl) alterations to monitor the changing mammary epithelial tight junction status and development pattern. Estradiol‐17β (E2) and progesterone (P4) injections in a 1–7 days series were combined with a 3‐day injection series (day 21–23) of dexamethasone (DEX). Blood and both front quarter secretion samples were collected daily. Milking started 24 days after the start of the experiment. Results show that the mammary secretory IgG1 was increased at >7 days after the start of steroid injections and depicted a bimodal pattern reaching a high of 16 mg/ml at 21 day compared with 3.2 mg/ml in the serum. There was a small increase in secretory IgG2 that did not correlate with tight junction status, but never reached the serum concentration. The injections of DEX resulted in constriction of tight junctions. Secretory αLA was immediately increased with steroid injections, dropped precipitously after 7 days and then began a steady increase until the start of milking. Changes in serum αLA are related to mammary tight junctions while serum Prl gradually increased from 30 to >60 ng/ml after the steroid injections stopped. These results provide insights into the mechanisms and timing of colostrogenesis during an induced lactation protocol.     

猪丁型冠状病毒在悬浮培养猪肾细胞LLC-PK1上的增殖特性分析

旨在分析猪丁型冠状病毒(porcine deltacoronavirus,PDCoV)在悬浮培养的猪肾细胞LLC-PK1上的增殖特性,为PDCoV灭活疫苗的规模化生产提供细胞材料。采用逐步降血清法优化LLC-PK1细胞悬浮培养工艺;利用有限稀释法筛选PDCoV适应性细胞株;利用间接免疫荧光法鉴定PDCoV对LLC-PK1细胞的感染性;分别对PDCoV接种LLC-PK1悬浮细胞的初始密度、MOI、收毒时间、TPCK胰酶浓度等参数进行优化,确定最佳悬浮培养条件。成功筛选出可高效增殖PDCoV的单克隆悬浮细胞株LLC-PK1Sa,且利用其增殖的PDCoV可特异性的感染LLC-PK1细胞;PDCoV按MOI为10^-3接种于密度为2×10⁶ cells·mL^-1的LLC-PK1Sa细胞,当TPCK胰酶终浓度达到7.5 μg·mL^-1时,接毒后48 h收获的病毒液滴度最高。本研究首次实现了PDCoV在LLC-PK1Sa悬浮细胞中的高效增殖,并对悬浮培养条件进行了初步优化,可为PDCoV灭活疫苗的规模化生产提供理论参考。     

Hepatic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from rats in three-dimensional microenvironment formed by hanging drops

AIM: To establish an optimal differentiated three-dimensional microenvironment formed by hanging drops for the high efficiency of hepatic differentiation from rat mesenchymal stem cells(rMSCs).METHODS: rMSCs were cultured in the hanging drops, which provided a three-dimensional microenvironment, for 21 days in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor(HGF, 20 μg/L). The expression of albumin(ALB), alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) and cytokeratin-18(CK-18) was detected by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining at 7th, 14th and 21st days. The secretion of albumin in the culture supernatants was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: rMSCs were aggregated in spheroid with a tubiform medium altitude in the center. In rMSCs cultured in the hanging drops with HGF, the expression of albumin, AFP and CK-18 was all detectable by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining at 7th day. The production of albumin in the cells cultured in the hanging drops with HGF was 50.25±5.32, 55.03±7.45 and 54.92±3.18(ng·dish^-1·d^-1) at 7th, 14th and 21st days, respectively, significantly higher than that in the cells in the plate cultivation with or without HGF induction at corresponding time points(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: In the presence of HGF, rMSCs are induced to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells cultured in the hanging drops, where the three-dimensional spheroidal cultures are promising microenvironment for hepatic transdifferentiation of MSCs.     

通草提取物对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳糖合成及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨通草对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳糖合成及相关基因表达的影响,采用不同剂量通草提取物处理奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,利用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测乳腺上皮细胞增殖能力,乳糖/半乳糖检测试剂盒(Lactose/D-Galactose (Rapid) Assay Kit)检测乳腺上皮细胞培养液中乳糖含量,实时荧光定量PCR技术检测乳腺上皮细胞乳糖合成相关基因葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)、葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)、葡萄糖转运蛋白8(GLUT8)、葡萄糖转运蛋白12(GLUT12)、己糖激酶Ⅰ(HKⅠ)、己糖激酶Ⅱ(HKⅡ)、β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-1(β-4GALT1)和α-乳清白蛋白(α-LA)基因mRNA表达水平。结果表明,200、400、600μg(生药)·mL-1通草提取物提高奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖能力(P<0.05),促进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞合成分泌乳糖(P<0.05),并显著上调细胞GLUT1、GLUT8、HKⅡ、β-4GALT1及α-LA mRNA表达水平(P<0.05),但对GLUT4、GLUT12和HKⅠmRNA表达水平无显著影响(P>0.05)。研究表明,适当浓度通草提取物可提高奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖能力,并通过上调乳腺上皮细胞GLUT1、GLUT8、HKⅡ、β-4GALT1和α-LA的mRNA表达,促进乳腺上皮细胞合成乳糖。     

Exfoliation rate of mammary epithelial cells in milk on bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is associated with bacterial load

The exfoliation rate of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in milk is affected by physiological, breeding and environmental factors. Little is known about the relationship between the MEC exfoliation into milk and mammary‐infected Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) load on bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between S. aureus load and the proportion of MEC exfoliation in milk using five substantial bovine mastitis models. In 64 randomly extracted milk samples from udders at 3–21 days after S. aureus infusion, there were various samples with different numbers of S. aureus counts and somatic cell counts. No significant correlations were found between the S. aureus counts and somatic cell count (r = 0.338). In contrast, a significant correlation was noted between S. aureus counts and the proportion of cytokeratin‐positive cells in the milk from the infused udders (r = 0.734, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the increasing MEC exfoliation rate in milk from mastitis udders caused by S. aureus may contribute to reduced milk yield.     

玉米赤霉烯酮对猪睾丸间质细胞DNA损伤作用的彗星试验

[目的]观察玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)对猪睾丸间质细胞(Leydig cell)的DNA损伤效应。[方法]以体外培养的猪Leydig cell为材料,用四氮唑蓝比色分析法(MTT法)测定ZEN对离体培养的猪睾丸间质细胞的半数致死浓度,选用0(对照组)、1、5、10和20μmol/L浓度的ZEN体外作用于猪Leydig cell,通过彗星试验观察了ZEN对猪Leydig cell DNA的损伤效应。[结果]ZEN浓度为0、1、5、10和20μmol/L时,所造成的细胞拖尾率分别为16.67%、34.00%、40.67%、52.00%和64.67%,各染毒组细胞拖尾率与对照组比较,差异均有极显著统计学意义(P<0.01),且存在明显的剂量-效应关系;各剂量组对应的拖尾细胞尾长(Tail length)分别为57.60±4.78、57.75±6.25、78.97±5.83、100.50±6.94和146.83±12.31μm,尾部DNA含量(Tail DNA%)分别为21.29±2.25%、22.24±2.43%、31.21±6.27%、37.45±4.33%和60.68±9.83%,与对照组比较,5μmol/L及以上ZEN浓度染毒组的Tail length和Tail DNA%均有显著性差异(P<0.05),且随ZEN浓度增加呈上升趋势。[结论]ZEN对猪Leydig cell存在遗传毒性,可以损伤Leydig cell的DNA,且有明显的剂量-效应关系。     

消癖散及水提物与醇提物体外透皮特性的 比较研究

[摘要〕目的通过对消疲散散剂、水提物与醇提物的体外透皮试验研究,比较不同提取工艺的经皮渗透特性,为 剂型设计、药理、毒理试验及临床研究提供依据〔方法以有效成分大黄素累积透皮百分率为测定指标,高效液相色谱 法定量,用改良的Franz扩散池及离体兔皮进行体外透皮实验,比较该方散剂及水提物与醇提物透皮速度、透皮百分 率与皮肤储量的差别、结果透皮速度由快至慢、皮肤储量由高到低,散剂、透皮总量由多至少依次为:醇提物>水提 物>散剂、结论醇提物透皮速度最快.皮肤储量最多.透皮总量最多、     

Effect of trastuzumab (herceptin) on the apoptosis induced by ZD1839 (iressa) in lung cancer A549 cells

AIM: ZD1839 and trastuzumab are reported to improve the therapeutic efficacy of treatment for non-smallcell lung cancer (NSCLC) and breast cancer, respectively, although the effectiveness of either drug alone is not satisfactory. NSCLC cells often express both EGFR and HER2. We therefore investigated whether a combination of ZD1839 and trastuzumab had an additive or synergistic antitumor effect. METHODS: MTT was used to measure the inhibitory effects of ZD1839 (iressa) and trastuzumab (herceptin) on the growth of A549 cells. The cell apoptosis was studied by DAPI staining, and Annexin V/PI double labeling. RESULTS: The inhibitory action of cell growth was seen in A549 cells dealing with ZD1839 and trastuzumab. They inhibited the growth of the human lung cancer cell line A549 in a concentration and time dependent manners. Compared with either ZD1839 or trastuzumab alone, combination with curcumin respectively increased the growth inhibition rate and increased apoptosis of A549 cells (P<0.05) significantly, suggesting the synergistic actions of the two drugs. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that combination treatment with ZD1839 and trastuzumab might have improved therapeutic efficacy against NSCLC cells expressing both EGFR and HER2.     

Effect of feed restriction on dairy cow milk production: a review

In the dairy cow, negative energy balance affects milk yield and composition as well as animal health. Studying the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cow milk production is thus essential. Feed restriction (FR) experiments attempting to reproduce negative energy balance by reducing the quantity or quality of the diet were conducted in order to better describe the animal physiology changes. The study of FR is also of interest since with climate change issues, cows may be increasingly faced with periods of drought leading to a shortage of forages. The aim of this article is to review the effects of FR during lactation in dairy cows to obtain a better understanding of metabolism changes and how it affects mammary gland activity and milk production and composition. A total of 41 papers studying FR in lactating cows were used to investigate physiological changes induced by these protocols. FR protocols affect the entire animal metabolism as indicated by changes in blood metabolites such as a decrease in glucose concentration and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; hormonal regulations such as a decrease in insulin and insulin-like growth factor I or an increase in growth hormone concentrations. These variations indicated a mobilization of body reserve in most studies. FR also affects mammary gland activity through changes in gene expression and could affect mammary cell turnover through cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and exfoliation of mammary epithelial cells into milk. Because of modifications of the mammary gland and general metabolism, FR decreases milk production and can affect milk composition with decreased lactose and protein concentrations and increased fat concentration. These effects, however, can vary widely depending on the type of restriction, its duration and intensity, or the stage of lactation in which it takes place. Finally, to avoid yield loss and metabolic disorders, it is important to identify reliable biomarkers to monitor energy balance.