串珠镰刀菌素的培养提取及对鸡的免疫病理损伤

从广东某饲料厂所用玉米上分离到串珠镰刀菌,并将该菌株接种玉米面,在25℃培养10d,转4℃培养7d,再转25℃培养10d的条件下,进行产毒培养。培养物灭菌干燥后采用乙腈-水(95∶5)提取串珠镰刀菌素(MON),并用薄层色谱验证和高效液相色谱测定提取物MON含量;将提取的MON按照23mg/kg加入试验组雏鸡饲料中,进行毒性试验,测定试验鸡免疫器官胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏指数及血清中一氧化氮的含量。结果表明:试验组比对照组鸡的胸腺、法氏囊及胸腺指数显著降低(P<0.05),血清中NO含量极显著升高(P<0.01)。     

Afforestation of semi-arid shrubland reduces biogenic NO emission from soil

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a central role in the formation of tropospheric ozone, hydroxyl radicals, as well as nitrous and nitric acids. There are, however, large uncertainties around estimates of global NO emissions due to the paucity of data. In particular, there is little information on the rate of NO emission and its sensitivity to processes such as land use changes in dry environments. Here we report on a two-year study on the influence of afforestation on soil NO fluxes in the semi-arid afforestation system in Southern Israel (Yatir forest, mean annual precipitation ∼280 mm). Laboratory incubations were carried out under seasonally defined conditions of soil moisture and temperature using soils sampled in different seasons from the native shrubland (taken both under shrub canopy and in the inter-shrub areas), and from the adjacent ∼2800 ha, 40-year-old pine afforestation site. Combining laboratory results with field measurements of soil moisture and temperature, we up-scaled soil-atmosphere NO fluxes to the ecosystem level. The different microsites differed in their annual mean NO release rates (0.04, 0.14 and 0.03 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ for the shrubland under and between shrubs and for the forest, respectively), and exhibited high inter-seasonal variability in NO emission rates (ranging from zero up to 0.25 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the wet and dry-rewetting seasons, respectively), as well as in temperature responses. Up-scaling results to annual and ecosystem scales indicated that afforestation of the semi-arid shrubland could reduce soil NO emission by up to 65%.     

Effect of improved fallow on crop productivity, soil fertility and climate-forcing gas emissions in semi-arid conditions

The impacts of fallow on soil fertility, crop production and climate-forcing gas emissions were determined in two contrasting legumes, Gliricidia sepium and Acacia colei, in comparison with traditional unamended fallow and continuous cultivation systems. After 2 years, the amount of foliar material produced did not differ between the two improved fallow species; however, grain yield was significantly elevated by 55% in the first and second cropping season after G. sepium compared with traditional fallow. By contrast, relative to the unamended fallow, a drop in grain yield was observed in the first cropping season after A. colei, followed by no improvement in the second. G. sepium had higher foliar N, K and Mg, while A. colei had lower foliar N but higher lignin and polyphenols. In the third year after fallow improvement, a simulated rainfall experiment was performed on soils to compare efflux of N₂O and CO₂. Improved fallow effects on soil nutrient composition and microbial activity were demonstrated through elevated N₂O and CO₂ efflux from soils in G. sepium fallows compared with other treatments. N₂O emissions were around six times higher from this nitrogen-fixing soil treatment, evolving 69.9 ngN₂O–N g⁻¹soil h⁻¹ after a simulated rainfall event, compared with only 8.5 and 4.8 ngN₂O–N g⁻¹soil h⁻¹ from soil under traditional fallow and continuous cultivation, respectively. The findings indicate that selection of improved fallows for short-term fertility enhancement has implications for regional N₂O emissions for dry land regions.     

硝普钠(SNP)浸种对渗透胁迫下不同紫花苜蓿种子萌发生理特性的影响

以紫花苜蓿阿尔岗金(Medicago sativa‘Algonquin’)、金皇后(M. sativa‘Golden empress’)和三得利(M.sativa‘Sanditi’)为材料,探讨外源一氧化氮(NO)对PEG胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发期丙二醛和渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1) SNP浸种能有效缓解PEG胁迫下紫花苜蓿萌发期MDA含量的积累,在第6 d SNP+PEG与PEG处理相比,阿尔岗金、金皇后和三得利种子MDA含量分别降低了23. 11%,21. 81%和30. 38%。(2)随PEG胁迫时间延长,3个苜蓿品种渗透调节物质含量呈先增后降趋势。SNP+PEG与PEG处理相比,阿尔岗金中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别在处理第4 d,第2 d和第4 d达到最大值,分别提高了13.71%,18.57%和9.23%;金皇后各含量均在第2 d有最大值,分别提高了20.96%,16.84%和5.48%;三得利各含量分别在第4 d,第2 d和第2 d达到最大值,分别提高了17.87%,17.52%和13.40%。(3) 3个品种紫花苜蓿SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性表现为先升后降趋势,且均在第4 d活性最大。与PEG处理相比,SNP+PEG处理下三得利SOD、POD活性增加率是阿尔岗金的2.76倍和1.21倍,是金皇后的4.10倍和1.21倍。渗透调节物质含量增加和抗氧化酶活性增强是紫花苜蓿适应干旱的生理基础,外源NO可提高紫花苜蓿对干旱的防御,3个品种紫花苜蓿受外源NO调节强弱顺序为:三得利金皇后阿尔岗金。     

Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the egg quality,immune response,zinc retention,and blood parameters of laying hens in the late phase of production

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) on the performance, egg quality, Zn retention, immunity responses, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), egg malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and serum parameters in laying hens in the late phase of production. A total of 288 laying hens at 64 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 6 replicates, and 12 birds within each group. Experimental diets included a corn‐soybean meal‐based diet (without Zn supplementation) and a basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg of Zn‐oxide, ZnO‐NPs, and Zn‐methionine. The results indicated that egg production and egg mass were significantly higher in the Zn‐methionine and ZnO‐NPs groups (p < .05). Also, eggshell thickness and shell strength increased in the ZnO‐NPs group as compared with the other groups (p < .05). Moreover, Zn supplementation decreased egg loss (p < .05). There were significant differences among treatments in Zn deposition in tibiotarsus, liver, pancreas, eggs, and excreta (p < .01). Antibody titre, heterophil (%(, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were significantly higher in birds fed with Zn‐supplemented diets (p < .05). In treatments supplemented with ZnO‐NPs and Zn‐methionine, the SOD activity in the liver, pancreas, and plasma was greater as compared with the other treatments (p < .05). The MDA content in eggs was significantly reduced in groups supplemented with Zn (p < .01). Moreover, dietary Zn supplementation significantly affected serum total protein, albumin, glucose, alkaline phosphatase activity, carbonic anhydrase activity, and Zn level (p < .05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with ZnO‐NPs can improve the performance of laying hens. Therefore, ZnO‐NPs can enhance zinc absorption in the intestine of aged layers and can be a more suitable source of zinc than regular Zn‐oxide in diets.     

Nitric oxide-mediated the cardioprotection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes during hypoxia/reoxygenation

AIM: To investigate the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced cardioprotection against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. METHODS: Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were pretreated with TNF-α or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or L-arginine (L-Arg), respectively, for 12 h and then subjected to continuous hypoxia for 12 h, followed by reoxygenation for 6 h. The manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity of the cells was measured after H/R. Myocyte injury was determined by the release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). RESULTS: TNF-α (10⁵ U/L) significantly increased the Mn-SOD activity and decreased release of LDH from ventricular myocytes. The cardioprotection against H/R injury was induced by the pretreatment with SNP (5 μmol/L) or L-Arg (5 mmol/L), which was blocked by ODQ (10 μmol/L), the specific sGC inhibitor, and Chel (5 μmol/L), the specific PKC inhibitor. Pretreatment with L-NAME (100 μmol/L), ODQ, Chel, antoxidant 2-MPG (400 μmol/L) or tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (50 μmol/L) attenuated the increased Mn-SOD activity and reduced LDH level induced by TNF-α. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that NO may play a role in TNF-α-induced cardioprotection, which is mediated by sGC and PKC.     

NO对氮胁迫棉花幼苗根系形态的调控效应

以‘农大棉8号’为试验材料,在水培缺氮的情况下,利用一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)的供体硝普钠(Sodi-um nitroprusside,SNP)处理棉花幼苗,研究了外源NO对氮素胁迫条件下棉花幼苗根系形态的调控效应。结果表明:外源NO能够增加氮素胁迫下棉花根长、根表面积、根体积、主根直径和根干重。低浓度的NO(SNP浓度50～100μmol/L)能显著提高根表面积9.39%、根体积10.78%、主根直径8.63%、根系干重39.2%;高浓度NO对氮素胁迫缓解效应较弱。因此,在本试验条件下,低浓度的NO(SNP浓度50～100μmol/L)表现对氮素胁迫下棉花根系生长具有良好促进效应,可能利于增强棉花的抗逆性。     

诱导型一氧化氮合酶与动物疾病

一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO)是近年来引起人们特别注意的无机气体自由基，有独特的理化性质和生物学活性，几乎对全身各个系统都有影响，其中诱导型一氧化氮合酶及其催化产生的NO在动物疾病的发生、发展过程中都起着重要的作用。     

左氧氟沙星在铁氧化物表面的吸附：动力学和pH的影响

通过批吸附动力学、等温吸附试验,并结合X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术和衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATRFTIR),揭示不同pH下左氧氟沙星(LEV)在铁氧化物表面的吸附机制。结果表明：溶液pH对LEV在针铁矿表面的吸附影响较大,不同pH下,其吸附动力学更符合准二级动力学模型(R²>0.98)。在pH为4时,3 h左右达到吸附平衡,而在pH为8时,12 h达到吸附平衡,并且pH为4的吸附量约是pH为8的2倍。XPS和ATR-FTIR的结果一致表明,静电作用和化学吸附是其主要吸附机制,在低pH(pH为4)时,LEV在针铁矿表面主要以单核双齿形态被吸附,在高pH(pH为8)时,主要以双核双齿形态被吸附。在中间pH(pH为6)时,由于静电排斥作用,导致其吸附量最大。     

凹土纳米氧化锌对断奶仔猪血清、肝脏和肠道黏膜抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究凹土纳米氧化锌对断奶仔猪血清、肝脏和肠道黏膜抗氧化指标的影响。选取210头21日龄体重(6.30±0.51) kg的健康杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分为7个组,每组6个重复,每个重复5头猪。各组分别为对照组(CON组,基础饲粮)、抗生素组(ANT组,基础饲粮+抗生素)、氧化锌组(ZO组,基础饲粮+3 000 mg/kg氧化锌)、纳米氧化锌组(NZO组,基础饲粮+800 mg/kg纳米氧化锌)、低剂量凹土纳米氧化锌组(LANZ组,基础饲粮+700 mg/kg凹土纳米氧化锌)、中剂量凹土纳米氧化锌组(MANZ组,基础饲粮+1 000 mg/kg凹土纳米氧化锌)和高剂量凹土纳米氧化锌组(HANZ组,基础饲粮+1 300 mg/kg凹土纳米氧化锌)。预试期3 d,正试期9 d。结果表明:1) ZO和LANZ组的血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于CON组(P<0.05);ANT、ZO、LANZ、MANZ和HANZ组的血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于CON组(P <0. 05),且ANT组的血清T-AOC显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。2) LANZ组的肝脏CAT活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。3) ZO、NZO、LANZ、MANZ和HANZ组的空肠黏膜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于ANT组(P<0.05)。ZO、LANZ组的空肠黏膜CAT活性显著高于CON和ANT组(P<0.05)。ANT、ZO、NZO、LANZ和HANZ组的空肠黏膜T-AOC显著高于CON和MANZ组(P <0.05)。4) HANZ组的回肠黏膜CAT活性显著低于CON组(P<0.05),ZO、NZO组的回肠黏膜谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著低于CON、ANT和LANZ组(P<0.05)。由此可见,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加适量凹土纳米氧化锌能够提高血清、肝脏和肠道中抗氧化酶的活性,增强仔猪的抗氧化性能。本试验中,饲粮中凹土纳米氧化锌适宜添加量为700 mg/kg。