二分之五次方抛物线形明渠设计及提高水力特性效果

为提高抛物线形断面的水力特性,增加输水能力,该文提出了一种二分之五次(以下简称2.5次)方抛物线形渠道断面,推导其水力断面特性。将湿周用高斯超几何函数表示后,将水力最优断面的最优化模型转换为关于宽深比的一元方程,得到2.5次方抛物线形渠道水力最优断面的解析解,其最优宽深比为2.088 3。比较结果表明,2.5次方抛物线形断面较常规抛物线形断面具有更好的水力学特性。与平方、半立方抛物线形断面比较,在相同水深条件下,2.5次方抛物线形水力最优断面的过流能力更大。相反,在相同流量下,2.5次方抛物线形水力最优断面的过流面积、湿周、水深更小。2.5次方抛物线形水力最优断面的建造成本与其他2种断面相比是最小的。进一步地,为便于工程应用,基于高斯勒让德算法,提出2.5次方抛物线形断面的三点和四点格式近似湿周算法。结果表明,四点格式近似算法具有较高精度。研究可为明渠设计提供理论依据。     

考虑地下水位影响的现浇混凝土梯形渠道冻胀破坏力学分析

地下水的补给与迁移是高地下水位渠道的冻胀破坏的主要影响因素。该文提出了一种考虑地下水位影响的梯形渠道衬砌冻胀力分布计算方法,推导出地下水位影响的渠道基土冻胀强度和冻结深度分布的计算公式,并得到现浇混凝土衬砌的截面最大弯矩和最易破坏截面位置的解析表达式。从整体与局部2个方面定量分析梯形渠道衬砌冻胀力分布的不均匀性,为渠道的抗冻性能评价和断面优化提供了定量指标,结果表明:渠深越浅,坡板倾角越小,冻胀力分布越均匀,越不易发生破坏,揭示了宽浅式梯形渠道抗冻性能良好的原因。以塔里木灌区某梯形渠道为原型,对不同地下水埋深的渠道冻胀特征和受力进行了分析,并与观测资料进行了对比,其中基土冻深的计算值与观测值之间的最大相对误差为3.5%,估算最大弯矩所在截面的位置为距离坡顶63.9%坡板长处,与灌区实地调查结果基本相符,表明了方法的实用性和合理性。最后,对高地下水位梯形渠道的冻害机理进行了分析,该研究可为高地下水位现浇混凝土梯形渠道衬砌的抗冻设计和相关研究提供参考。     

U形混凝土衬砌结构冻胀性能离心模型试验研究

为了控制季冻区渠道混凝土衬砌结构的冻胀破坏程度,基于小型U形渠道混凝土衬砌结构的冻胀破坏特征及抗冻胀性能,通过取消衬砌结构的刚性接缝形成整体式大跨度U形混凝土衬砌结构,并利用冻胀离心模型试验研究该衬砌结构的冻胀效应。试验表明,土温在冻结前期降幅较大,渠坡两侧土体降温快于渠底。整体式大跨度衬砌结构呈偏心受力状态,坡板上部上表面受拉,底板上表面受压。变形性能良好,在持续负温作用下没有发生明显的破坏,冻胀变形从坡板变形开始,随着渠道底部土体温度的下降,引发结构整体变形,底板大幅抬起。结构以向上抬升为主,同时沿法向向衬砌结构中心收缩。底板和坡板的抬升最大分别可达16、4 mm。渠坡向内回缩约5 mm。整体式大跨度U型混凝土衬砌结构抗冻胀性能良好,能在一定程度上减轻衬砌结构的冻胀破坏。     

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF EQUINE LUMBOSACRAL AND PELVIC ABNORMALITIES BY LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY

Radiologic findings are described in 20 horses with clinical signs of a caudal lumbar or hindlimb problem; the horses were subjected to linear tomography of the lumbosacral and pelvic regions. The cases could be divided into four groups: sacroiliac arthrosis (6 horses), lumbosacral abnormalities (3 horses), pelvic or lumbar fracture (6 horses), and no radiographic abnormalities (5 horses). Five of the six horses with sacroiliac arthrosis had spur formation, with localized arthrosis at the caudal aspect of the sacral wing and its articulation with the auricular surface of the ilium. In one horse these lesions were confirmed at postmortem examination. The sixth horse, a Standardbred trotter, had more even and widespread arthrosis of the sacroiliac joint. The three lumbosacral abnormalities were present in two horses with fusion of the L₅-L₆ articulation and one horse with a wider than normal sacrolumbar articulation. Linear tomography also proved to be of diagnostic and prognostic value in the evaluation of lumbar and pelvic fractures. Finally, tomography could be used to eliminate the presence of sacroiliac or lumbosacral damage in some horses that presented with clinical signs suggestive of disease of the lumbosacral or sacroiliac region.     

Traumatic sacral fracture following dystocia in a Thoroughbred foal

A Thoroughbred colt with a history of dystocia was referred for further management of suspected hypoxia. The foal showed signs of neonatal maladjustment syndrome and hindlimb paralysis. Radiography revealed the presence of a severe lumbosacral injury. The foal was subjected to euthanasia due to a hopeless prognosis. Computed tomography was performed post‐mortem and revealed a type I Salter Harris fracture of the cranial physis of the first sacral vertebra.     

Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the distal femur of foals

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The developmental pattern of the cartilage canal blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage has been linked to osteochondrosis (OC) in the tarsus of foals. This pattern has not yet been described in the distal femur, another site frequently affected by OC. OBJECTIVE: To describe the developmental pattern of the blood supply to the distal femoral epiphyseal growth cartilage in 8 Standardbred foals age 0-7 weeks. METHODS: One foal was sacrificed weekly from birth to age 7 weeks (n=8) to undergo a barium perfusion procedure to demonstrate vessels within cartilage canals of one hindlimb. The distal end of the femur was cleared in methyl salicylate and perfused vessels were studied in the intact bones. Each distal femur was then sawed into 5 mm thick slabs in the transverse plane, and the slabs decalcified and radiographed. Finally, the lateral trochlear ridge was separated from each slab and examined histologically. RESULTS: The cartilage canal blood supply regressed with increasing age, but several regions remained vascularised in the oldest foal at age 7 weeks. Vessels arose from perichondrial and subchondral arterial sources, and coursed perpendicular or parallel to the ossification front. The midsection of parallel vessels became incorporated into the ossification front during growth. Anastomoses formed and vessels within the distal portion of canals with an original perichondrial source shifted to use subchondral vessels as their arterial source. Both parallel and perpendicular vessels therefore traversed the ossification front to enter cartilage canals. No histological lesions were observed in sections from any of the foals. CONCLUSION: The same anatomical feature (traversing the ossification front to enter cartilage canals) reported to render vessels vulnerable to failure in the tarsus was also present in the distal femur of foals. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: OC may occur by the same pathogenetic mechanism in the distal femur as in the tarsus of foals.     

ACCURACY OF RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF THE CRANIAL MARGIN OF THE DORSAL LAMINA OF THE CANINE SACRUM

An elongated sacral lamina has been described as one of the contributing factors for dogs with cauda equina syndrome due to degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS); however, published evidence is lacking on the accuracy of radiographic screening for the presence of this lesion. Objectives of this prospective, cross‐sectional cadaver study were to describe the accuracy and repeatability of detection of the cranial sacral lamina margin on plain lateral radiographs of the lumbosacral junction in dogs. Twenty‐five medium and large breed canine cadavers were radiographed before and after placement of a radiopaque hook in the cranial margin of the sacral lamina. Three independent evaluators placed digital markers at the perceived margin on preinterventional radiographs. The distance from perceived location to the true location on postinterventional radiographs was recorded for each dog and observer. A discordance threshold (distance between perceived and actual margin) of 1.5 mm was subjectively defined as clinically relevant. The three evaluators demonstrated good repeatability, although the accuracy for margin detection was only fair (mean discordance 1.7 mm). Evaluators demonstrated greater accuracy in identifying the landmark in juveniles (1.4 mm) vs. adults (1.8 mm; P < 0.01). Results of this study indicated that observer repeatability is good and accuracy is fair for correctly identifying the radiographic cranial margin of the sacral lamina in dogs. This should be taken into consideration when interpreting elongation of the sacral lamina in radiographs of dogs with suspected DLSS, especially adults.     

A trial to detect optimal pin-pricking timing in evaluating the ability to form traumatic resin canals of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> for selecting resistant trees to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Semanotus japonicus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

A trial to detect optimal pin-pricking timing in evaluating the ability to form traumatic resin canals (TRCs) of Cryptomeria japonica was examined to select resistant trees to Semanotus japonicus using 14 clones in 2001 and 2002. Resistance to S. japonicus and the ability to form TRCs in the phloem was evaluated by inoculating newly hatched larvae in the bark and by a pin prick, which was conducted every 10 days (four times) on the trunk around the larval phloem-feeding period, respectively. The larval survivorship varied greatly among clones for both years. The mean appearance of newly formed TRCs was generally higher in late treatment for both years, and the tangential width of them was also higher in 2001, whereas those of pre-formed TRCs were not higher for either year. The larval survivorship did not show significant correlations with the appearance and the width of pre-formed TRCs on all treatments. However, it showed significant negative correlations with the appearance of newly formed TRCs on the second and third treatments on the 2-year-old layer, although this was not significant with the width of them. This suggests that resistant clones might have the mechanism of rapidly forming TRCs when just at the stage of newly hatched larval entering the phloem. Thus, although the relationship between the appearance and the width of newly formed TRCs is not clear, pin-pricking treatment when the newly hatched larvae just enter the bark may be one of optimal times for the evaluation of the resistance of C. japonica to S. japonicus. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

开放系统预制混凝土梯形渠道冻胀破坏力学模型及验证

预制混凝土衬砌渠道在中国北方寒冷地区得到普遍应用,而其在高地下水位条件下的冻胀力学分析尚无简捷、可靠的方法。该文假定渠道基土服从Winkler假设,从而在特定地区相似的土质、气候条件下衬砌板各点的基土冻胀强度仅与相应点的水分补给强度有关,结合冻胀力、基土冻胀率和地下水埋深三者相互间的函数关系,提出了一种计算渠道衬砌冻胀受力分布的方法。将其应用到一类预制板尺寸适中的预制混凝土衬砌梯形渠道中,建立了冻胀破坏力学模型。结合力学分析和工程实践,对预制混凝土衬砌结构可能发生的冻胀破坏形式和原因进行了分类,并确定了相应的冻胀破坏验算控制截面,提出了相应的冻胀破坏判断准则。采用单位荷载法提出了一种对板间接缝处法向冻胀位移进行直接验算的方法。最后,结合工程实例进行了计算,结果表明,模型合理可靠,可为工程设计提供一定的参考和理论依据。