Timeliness of irrigation

Despite considerable discussion of the importance of timeliness as a key dimension of irrigation performance, few studies have assessed how well irrigation systems deliver timely water supplies, nor the magnitude of the effect on agricultural production. This paper lays out indicators of timeliness of irrigation supply which distinguish between deliveries which meet crop needs, and surplus water supplies which cannot be used by crops. These indicators are then applied to empirical data from the Sone Irrigation System of Bihar, India. Using these indicators in an analysis of the contribution of irrigation to rice production shows that incorporating measures of timeliness explains much more of the variability in agricultural production than do simple measures of total water applications over a season. Results of production functions show that if water deliveries cannot be matched with crop requirements, they have a negative, rather than a positive, impact on yields. Water scarcity has the greatest adverse impact in production in the middle of the season, while surpluses are most damaging at the beginning and end of the season. Temporal redistribution from surplus periods to times of water scarcity therefore offers considerable scope to increase productivity without increasing water use.An earlier version of portions of this paper was presented at the IFPRI/ICAR Workshop on Agricultural Growth in India: A Review of Research Findings, 1–6 May 1994 in New Delhi.     

Improved 0–1 programming model for optimal flow scheduling in irrigation canals

An improved 0–1 programming model was presented for optimal flow regulation and optimal grouping and sequencing of outlets in irrigation distributaries, under restrictions of both the rotational period and the incoming flow rate into distributaries. The problem was solved using a commercially available 0–1 programming software package. The example computations indicated that this model could effectively provide a constant flow rate into the canal during most of the rotation period, and thus reduce the frequency of headgate operation. This formulation also minimized the accidental water wastage by appropriately sizing the canal cross-section.     

几种防渗渠道断面的比较分析

通过对防渗渠道的U形、梯形、矩形、半圆形、复合式、暗渠等断面组成及其水力学特性的对比分析,认为在防渗渠道的建设中,干、支渠应选用宽浅式梯形断面,而农渠中应选用U形断面.     

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL CANINE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE: A MORPHOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE

The lumbosacral spine of six normal dogs weighing 4.5 to 24.5kg was imaged by computed tomography in 5.0 mm & 10.0 mm transverse planes. The vertebral canal and thecal sac (including emerging nerve roots not distinguished as separate structures from the spinal cord) were measured along dorsoventral and transverse dimensions at cranial, middle and caudal levels within each vertebra from transverse tomographic images. Linear measurements were standardized to the dorsoventral dimension of the L₆ vertebral midbody to permit comparison and averaging of the vertebral and thecal sac dimensions among different sized dogs. The dorsoventral and transverse vertebral canal size progressively increased from cranial to caudal within each vertebra from L₁?L₆ (p ≤ 0.05). The transverse dimension of the thecal sac image increased caudally within each vertebra from L₁?L₄ (p ≤ 0.05). The vertebral canal dorsoventral and transverse dimensions were largest in the midlumbar area (p ≤ 0.05). The transverse, but not the dorsoventral, imaged dimension of the thecal sac peaked in the L₄ vertebra (p ≤ 0.05). The dorsoventral thecal sac image was observed to fill the vertebral canal in the cranial and middle vertebral levels in vertebrae L₁ through L₅ in over 60% of these normal dogs. However, epidural fat could almost always be seen lateral to the thecal sac regardless of what lumbar vertebra or vertebral level was imaged. Cranial to the lumbosacral junction, the dorsal intervertebral disk margin was almost always concave relative to the thecal sac. However, at the L₇-S₁ junction, some dogs had flat or even slightly convex dorsal intervertebral disk margins. The dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments and the ligamentum flavum could not be identified as distinct structures on the 5.0 mm transverse tomographic images.     

小城镇污水处理技术研究——利用沟渠处理污水

通过室内试验和实际模型试验 ,对利用沟渠处理污水的工艺、效率、抗冲刷能力等进行了试验和理论研究 ,建立了COD和溶解氧变化过程数学模式     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN THE LUMBOSACRAL JOINT OF 43 HORSES WITH NO CLINICAL SIGNS OF BACK PAIN OR HINDLIMB LAMENESS

The transrectal ultrasonographic appearance of the lumbosacral joint was assessed in 43 horses with no history or clinical evidence of back pain or hindlimb lameness. In the majority of horses (34/43, 79.1%) the lumbosacral disc had uniform or mildly heterogeneous echogenicity. However, variation in the ultrasonographic appearance of the lumbosacral joint was also identified, including hyperechogenic regions within the lumbosacral disc with or without an acoustic shadow, and mild or moderate irregularity of the opposing surfaces of the last lumbar and the first sacral vertebral bodies. Marked irregularity of the bony surfaces or marked disruption of the lumbosacral disc was not seen in any horse. The mean distance between the ventral aspects of the last lumbar and first sacral vertebrae was 14.2 mm (range: 7.1–26.5 mm, median: 14.4 mm). The degree of protrusion of the ventral aspect of the lumbosacral disc ranged from 0 to 5 mm (mean: 1.32 mm, median: 1.2 mm). The mean angle between the ventral surfaces of the last lumbar and first sacral vertebrae was 147° (range: 118–165°, median: 150°). There was no significant effect of age, breed, gender, or the size of the horses on either subjective findings in the lumbosacral joint or objective measurements.     

狭鳕早期胚胎发育的形态结构观察

利用显微数码摄像系统,活体观测、拍摄了狭鳕受精卵的早期胚胎发育过程,详细描述记录不同发育时相胚胎的形态特征、发育时间等。选取6个发育期(未受精、细胞分裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、胚体发育期、将孵化前期)的照片,利用Image J软件测量不同发育期的卵径,以探讨狭鳕早期胚胎发育过程中卵径的变化。此外,利用扫描电镜观察了4个胚胎发育期(未受精期、2细胞期、原口关闭期、孵化前期)受精孔及卵膜的形态结构。结果表明,狭鳕产浮性分离卵子,卵膜单层、透明光滑,卵黄均匀,无油球,卵径1.45~1.58 mm。在水温(6.3±1.24) ℃,盐度34时受精后约1 h胚胎形成,24 h后进入囊胚期,61 h后进入原肠胚期,134 h后进入器官形成早期,161 h后心脏开始跳动,319 h后开始孵化。在整个胚胎发育过程中,狭鳕卵子的直径呈现逐渐增大的趋势。亚显微观察显示,狭鳕受精孔为Ⅱ型,受精孔前庭平坦,但受精孔孔道较长。未受精时,受精孔开放,卵膜上多皱褶,卵膜壁孔不明显;2细胞期时,受精孔被卵周液分泌物阻塞,卵膜皱褶减少,卵膜壁孔明显;原口关闭期时,受精孔呈半开放状态,卵膜褶皱增多,卵膜壁孔不明显;即将孵化期时,受精孔完全塌陷,卵膜表面十分粗糙,卵膜壁孔明显。由此可见,狭鳕卵子卵径、受精孔和卵膜结构的动态变化都与整个胚胎发育过程紧密相关,其对提高卵子受精率、卵子在海底正常发育和散布,卵子发育过程中防止多精受精和细菌感染具有重要意义。     

考虑水分迁移及相变对温度场影响的渠道冻胀模型

冬季渠基冻土中水分迁移及相变产生的巨大潜热对温度场影响显著,由此,该文建立了考虑水分迁移与相变潜热的渠基土体冻胀模型。模型将冻土视为低温膨胀性材料,将相变潜热作为材料的等效热容加入热传导方程中;根据Clapeyron方程和达西定律建立饱和冻土冻结锋面处水分迁移表达式,并以迁移水相变潜热作为热传导方程热源项;采用COMSOL对模型算例求解,与不考虑相变和水分迁移的模型比较发现：相变作用对渠道温度场和变形场影响较大,考虑相变后,冻深推进缓慢,且冻深减小,衬砌板变形整体减小,较不考虑相变的模拟结果更接近实际情况,验证了本模型的合理性,为寒区工程冻胀设计提供参考。     

梯形喉口无喉道量水槽设计及其水力性能模拟与试验

为了解决灌区普遍存在的通过增大水头损失来提高测流精度的问题,该文提出了一种具有梯形喉口的无喉道量水槽,并给出了量水槽参数与渠道尺寸的比例关系。该文在原型试验基础上,通过Flow-3D软件对过槽水流进行了数值模拟,分析了测流过程中水流流态、纵向时均流速分布、水头损失、湍动耗散沿程变化以及测流精度。研究结果表明:纵向时均流速分布和水流流态的模拟值与实测值最大相对误差均不超过10%,其模拟结果与实测结果较为吻和;基于临界流原理和能量守恒推出的水位流量关系式,进一步回归分析得到测流公式,其计算值与实测值最大相对误差为9.21%,满足量水精度要求;水头损失随着流量增大而增大,当流量大于45 L/s时,增大趋势明显变缓;最大水头损失不超过上游总水头10%,相比长喉道、巴歇尔、抛物线形量水槽水头损失较小。该研究可为灌区渠道量水设施设计提供参考。