A REVIEW OF HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND A PROPOSED TECHNIQUE FOR REGIONAL EXAMINATION OF THE CANINE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE

High resolution computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that has been used extensively in evaluating diseases of the human lumbosacral spine. Excellent spatial and contrast resolution, combined with multiplanar reformatting capability make high resolution CT scanners well-suited for similar applications in dogs. Consistently good quality images can be obtained when careful attention is given to factors affecting resolution. This paper reviews and illustrates some principles of high resolution CT, and proposes a technique for regional CT examination of the canine lumbosacral spine.     

TECHNIQUE OF LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE PELVIC REGION OF THE HORSE

A method of linear tomography for the pelvic region of the horse is described. A custom-built unit was employed, and exposures of 140 kV and 400 mAs for three to four seconds were required in horses weighing approximately 450 kg. Animals were anesthetized and placed in lateral or dorsal recumbency. Radiographic quality of the lateral projection was considered unsatisfactory, but on ventrodorsal tomograms taken at an angle of swing of 10° or 20° most of the anatomic structures in the lumbar spine and pelvic girdle could be identified. The height of the plane of cut varied from 30 to 300 mm, according to anatomic location, but between animals the height of each structure was reasonably consistent.     

A stereological study on calculation of volume values regarding lumbosacral segments of quails

In the study, total segment, grey matter and white matter volume values of lumbosacral segment of spinal cord in quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were stereologically examined. Regardless of sex, six adult quails were used as material. After the materials were perfused, they were dissected and their spinal cords were uncovered. Tissue samples were taken from each lumbosacral segment of spinal cord. After the tissue fixation process, 6–7 sections having a 5‐µm thickness were separated in every 50th section as from the first section, where the tissue was seen, among tissue samples of each segment. These segments were stained with haematoxylin–eosin staining. They were photographed via a microscope. By using the Cavalieri's principle, the volume values of both the total segment, grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in each lumbosacral segment were separately calculated. All these calculations were performed by using SHTEREOM 1.5 program. As a result, total volume, grey matter and white matter volume values of lumbosacral segments and white matter/total volume, grey matter/total volume, and grey matter/white matter volume fractions were obtained.     

马蹄形断面临界水深的一种计算公式

标准马蹄形断面隧洞是农业灌溉等引水工程中经常采用的断面形式,其临界水深是1个超越方程,不容易直接求解。为了得到该断面隧洞临界水深的一套简捷准确的显函数计算公式,该文引入准直线函数作为逼近函数,将马蹄形断面临界水深方程变换为单变量函数方程,通过对马蹄形两种标准型断面临界水深的单变量函数方程在工程常用范围内（即无量纲临界水深在[0.01,1.80]范围内）进行准直线函数逼近,得到了马蹄形标准Ⅰ型、标准Ⅱ型断面临界水深计算的准直线函数表达式,并进行了误差分析及评价。结果表明,准直线函数计算公式在工程常用范围内,计算临界水深的最大相对误差小于0.6%,准直线函数计算公式形式更为简单、精度较高、适用范围广。     

基于弹性地基梁理论的梯形渠道混凝土衬砌冻胀力学模型

冻胀破坏是寒区渠道衬砌破坏的主要方式,建立合理的冻胀力学模型是渠道衬砌抗冻胀设计的基础。该文基于Winkler假定,将渠道基土的冻胀效应等效为一组相互独立且垂直或平行于衬砌板的弹簧。冻胀量通过弹簧的伸长量体现,冻胀力通过弹簧被压缩产生的反力体现。结合梯形渠道冻胀时衬砌板的受力特点,应用SL23-2006《渠系工程抗冻胀设计规范》冻胀量的计算成果,建立基于弹性地基梁理论的梯形渠道混凝土衬砌冻胀力学模型,其合理性通过与甘肃省靖会总干渠梯形渠道的前人试验和数值模拟结果进行比较验证。结果表明,该文模型计算的冻胀量和冻胀反力的分布规律与前人的试验和数值模拟基本吻合;计算的冻胀量和试验结果整体相对平均误差为4.72%,计算结果合理。该文模型与现行规范推荐的冻胀量计算成果有机衔接,可为寒区渠道抗冻胀设计提供参考。     

灌溉渠道直读式挡板量水计试验及应用

有利于推广应用的灌溉渠道量水设施不但要求具有一定的测量精度,还要满足测量方便、成本适中的要求,为此该文提出一种直读式挡板量水计。该量水计由挡水板、分流水表及水表井组成。根据流体力学理论,证明了在孔口自由出流和淹没出流两种情况下,渠道流量与通过水表的流量之比值近似于常数的结论。在U形渠道上进行的试验也表明,在自由流和淹没流两种流态情况下,该比值均接近于常数,最大测流误差分别为3.60%和5.45%。该量水计具有结构简单、成本低廉、测量方便、精度可靠的特点,适用于小型灌溉渠道量水。     

Sacral osteochondrosis in two German Shepherd Dogs

Two young adult male castrated German Shepherd Dogs were referred for evaluation of intermittent episodes of hindlimb pain. Physical examination suggested lumbosacral stenosis, and plain radiographs and computed tomography revealed lesions consistent with sacral osteochondrosis. One dog had osteochondral fragments removed surgically; the other was managed conservatively. The surgically treated dog had complete resolution of clinical signs whereas the dog managed conservatively had repeated episodes of mild pain and received one short course of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication in 18 months. Sacral osteochondrosis has not been previously reported in Australia.     

旱寒区输水渠道防渗抗冻胀研究进展与前沿

渠道在农业灌溉和长距离调水工程中作为首选输水形式发挥着重要的作用。但因旱寒区输水渠道渗漏与冻胀互为因果形成恶性循环，导致渠道渗漏、冻胀、隆起、架空、失稳滑塌等冻融老化破坏普遍且严重，直接影响工程输水效率及渠道的安全运行与效益发挥。该研究着重从探究渠道冻融破坏机理而进行的室内试验和现场原型监测、工程力学模型、水-热-力耦合数值模型及防渗抗冻胀技术等方面论述了旱寒区输水渠道防渗抗冻胀的研究进展；在此基础上，指出了太阳辐射、冻融、盐渍化等复杂环境及冬季输水、水位骤降等运行工况下的渠道多场耦合破坏机理及相应的多场耦合数值模型、衬砌-冻土相互作用模型、失效准则与设计方法、防渗抗冻胀措施标准化及渠道灾变过程与防控技术等渠道防渗抗冻胀有待研究的问题和难点；探讨了完善和提升旱寒区渠道防渗抗冻胀的设计理论与方法、建立全生命周期内的灾变链动态演变预警模型等未来发展方向及趋势，为旱寒区输水渠道工程科学设计与安全高效运行提供指导。     

冰盖输水衬砌渠道冰冻破坏统一力学模型

随着城市供水与生态需水要求的提高,寒冷地区输水渠道冬季运行成为常态,目前冬季运行渠道抗冰冻破坏尚无评价准则与结构设计方法。针对此,基于冬季不输水渠道衬砌结构冻胀破坏的弹性地基梁模型,考虑冰推力、冰约束及渠基土冻胀力对结构的共同作用,在结构破坏的极限平衡状态下,推导得到冬季输水渠道冰盖运行工况下衬砌结构内力计算、应力计算及抗裂准则的解析表达式。通过静冰荷载影响系数、静水压力影响系数和冰冻荷载耦合系数的变化,可统一冬季有无冰盖输水及停水3种典型工况下衬砌结构内力、应力分布计算,进一步提出寒区衬砌渠道冰-冻破坏统一力学模型。以新疆某梯形渠道为研究原型,通过对衬砌坡板内力、应力及冰拔力计算分析,得到冰-冻破坏截面位置和各截面受力的分布规律。对无冰盖输水、带冰盖输水和无冰盖不输水3种典型梯形渠道力学模型进行内力计算对比分析表明,截面最大拉应力极大值分别为4.186、2.447和2.208 MPa,冬季无冰盖输水渠道冰冻破坏最严重(控制工况),无冰盖不输水冰冻破坏最轻,而冰盖运行介于两者中间,三者冰冻破坏规律差异较大。因此,在冬季输水衬砌渠道抗冰-冻设计中建议综合考虑3种典型工况,并按其破坏规律和力学模型进行安全性评价。     

田间便携式平底短喉道量水槽水力特性试验

为了探索研究灌区田间进水口的水量计量,该文在巴歇尔量水槽的基础上设计制作了一种体型简单、成本低的田间便携式平底短喉道量水槽,喉口宽度51 mm、长度774 mm,便于携带和田间安装;通过试验研究了该量水槽的水力性能,观测了24种流量下量水槽内11个控制断面的水位,拟合得到自由出流和淹没出流条件下的水深与流量公式,与实测流量对比,平均相对误差和最大相对误差均在10%以内,满足灌区田间量水精度要求;分析了不同流量下佛汝德数、断面比能沿槽身各控制断面的变化规律,确定临界水深断面位于该量水槽喉口段的中部偏后段;分析了槽内水头损失情况,得知该量水槽最大水头损失占上游总水头的12.10%,相较于长喉道量水槽较小,自由出流条件下槽内水头损失小于淹没出流条件下0.02倍上游总水头。该研究为田间进水口量水设施在中国北方灌区末级渠系的进一步应用提供参考。