季节冻土区刚柔混合衬砌梯形渠道冻胀机理试验

输水渠道冻胀破坏是寒冷地区渠道破坏的主要表现。为了探明刚柔混合衬砌渠道的冻胀机理,分析复合衬砌渠道的冻胀变形规律和冻胀过程中的水分变化规律,以及柔性复合土工膜的变形特征,该研究借助季节冻融条件下刚柔混合衬砌梯形渠道的原型观测成果,分析了刚柔混合衬砌渠道的最低地温变化规律、冻深变化规律和冻胀量与冻胀力的变化规律,重点研究了冻融条件下渠基土壤的水分迁移规律,以及复合土工膜的变形特征和强度变化。结果显示:刚柔混合衬砌渠道的冻胀变形最大值位于渠底和阴坡1/3处,最大冻胀量为11.2和13.1 cm,衬砌结构向上隆起。冻结期,渠基土壤0~60 cm深度范围内含水率随深度增加而增大,60~120 cm深度范围内的含水率随深度增大而逐渐减小。水分迁移最大值发生在渠道底部,迁移率为13.2%。经过一个冻融周期的循环,复合土工膜的强度和变形量仍然保持在90%以上,强度和变形损失值较小,可充分发挥复合土工膜防渗抗冻胀和适应变形的特性。该研究为刚柔混合衬砌渠道的设计、推广应用提供了理论依据。     

INTRAVERTEBRAL DISC HERNIATION (SCHMORL'S NODE) IN FIVE DOGS

The herniation of intervertebral disc material into the vertebral body, known as Schmorl's nodes, is a well described disease process in man. Schmorl's nodes have not until now been described in the dog. This paper describes intravertebral disc herniation in the dog based on five patients taken from a retrospective study of dogs suspected of having cauda equina syndrome. The significance of intravertebral disc herniation in the dog at this time is that they indicate a disturbance in the vertebral endplate, they present definite radiographic signs, should be considered in patients with ostecohondrosis, and remain a possibls etiology for fibrocartilaginous emboli. Back pain is a common sign in people when Schmorl's nodes were the only pathologic findings. The common signs of palpatory pain in the lumbosacral region of the dogs in this report is noted but cannot be directly correlated at this time to the intravertebral disc herniation; however, it is suspected in two of the cases.     

Force plate analysis before and after dorsal decompression for treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs

OBJECTIVE: Using force plate analysis (FPA), determine ground reaction forces in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLS) and evaluate the effects of lumbosacral decompressive surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Twelve dogs with DLS. METHODS: DLS was diagnosed by clinical signs, radiography, computed tomography, and/or magnetic resonance imaging. FPA was performed before surgery, and 3 days, 6 weeks, and 6 months after surgery. The mean peak braking (Fy+), peak propulsive (Fy-), and peak vertical (Fz+) forces of 8 consecutive strides were determined. The ratio between the total Fy- of the pelvic limbs and the total Fy- of the thoracic limbs (P/TFy-), reflecting the distribution of Fy-, was analyzed to evaluate any changes in locomotion pattern postoperatively. Ground reaction force data for DLS dogs were compared with data derived from 24 healthy dogs (control). RESULTS: In dogs with DLS, the propulsive forces (Fy-) of the pelvic limbs were significantly smaller than those of controls. P/TFy- was significantly smaller in dogs with DLS than in control dogs, and increased during the follow-up period, reaching normal values 6 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Cauda equina compression in dogs with DLS decreases the propulsive force of the pelvic limbs and surgical treatment restores the propulsive force of the pelvic limbs in a 6-month period. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs with DLS, FPA is an effective method in evaluating the response to surgical treatment. Normal propulsive force in the pelvic limbs was restored during 6 months after decompressive surgery.     

基于弹性薄层接触模型研究衬砌渠道双膜防冻胀布设

渠道衬砌下双膜防渗层可解除渠基土冻结力,释放衬砌结构位移以适应不均匀冻胀,但会影响衬砌结构的刚度与稳定性。为研究最佳双膜防渗层布设形式及其适应性,考虑双膜防渗层接触本构及衬砌结构与渠基土的相互作用,依据基土水热力三场耦合理论建立了寒区衬砌渠道的冻胀模型,通过数值模拟仿真分析了不同断面及不同双膜防渗层布设形式的弧底梯形渠道衬砌的冻胀受力与变位。结果表明:宽浅断面渠道采用双膜衬砌结构时,膜间摩擦力过小造成刚度和稳定性严重降低以及衬砌拉应力增加。适当的膜间摩擦力可以解除部分冻结约束,调整局部不均匀冻胀,而且发挥弧底反拱作用不产生拉应力。采用PE膜与无纺布作为层间接触的双膜衬砌结构,冻胀位移方差减小25%,同时整体位移增加不超过0.2 cm,削减冻胀应力50%以上。在不显著降低结构整体稳定性前提下,其整体刚度和结构强度提高程度最大,故同时适用于窄深渠道和宽浅渠道。研究为寒区衬砌渠道中双膜防渗层的合理布设提供科学依据。     

Growth of bream, Abramis brama (L.), in Irish canals and implications for management

The growth rates of bream, Abramis brama (L.), were determined in three Irish Canals: the Royal and Grand Canals, and the Barrow Line. Compared with growth patterns for other Irish and European waters, the growth of bream was fast in the Royal Canal, but slow to moderate for the Grand Canal and the Barrow Line. Significant differences in bream growth in terms of both length and weight were found between the three canal systems, and between canal levels, particularly in the Grand Canal. Associations between growth, and (1) alkalinity, (2) total fish biomass and (3) the ratio of bream biomass to total fish biomass were also found. However, it was considered that these three factors alone were not sufficient to explain the differences in growth. Productivity was implicated as the main factor controlling bream growth because fish species diversity was greater and total fish biomass was generally higher in levels of the Grand Canal with faster growing bream populations. The division between 'fast' and 'slow' growing bream also corresponded with a change in the aquatic weed community. There is evidence to suggest that there was a corresponding change in macro-invertebrate community structure and density. Angler usage as another factor in promoting growth is discussed. The implications for the future management and development of these canals are outlined.     

Application of the relevance vector machine to canal flow prediction in the Sevier River Basin

This work addresses management of water for irrigation in arid regions where significant delays between the time of order and the time of delivery present major difficulties. Motivated by improvements to water management that will be facilitated by an ability to predict water demand, it employs a data-driven approach to developing canal flow prediction models using the relevance vector machine (RVM), a probabilistic kernel-based learning machine. A search is performed across model attributes including input set, kernel scale parameter and model update scheme for models providing superior prediction capability using the RVM. Models are developed for two canals in the Sevier River Basin of southern Utah for prediction horizons of up to 5 days.     

Disseminated mast cell tumor infiltrating the sphenoid bone and causing blindness in a dog

Mast cell tumors are found in most organs and tissues with variable biologic behavior in dogs. This case illustrates the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a dog with disseminated mast cell tumor infiltrating the sphenoid bones. A 6‐year‐old male neutered Greyhound presented with a 3‐day history of acute onset of blindness. General physical examination was normal. Neurological examination revealed mildly disorientated mental status, absent menace response in both eyes, bilaterally decreased vestibulo–oculocephalic reflexes and absent direct and consensual pupillary light reflex in both eyes. An electroretinogram indicated normal retinal function in both eyes. A lesion involving the middle and rostral cranial fossa was suspected. Hematology and serum biochemistry were normal except decreased urea (1.2 mmol/L). MRI of the head revealed heterogeneous signal intensity of the sphenoid bones on T2‐weighted images and loss of their normal internal architecture. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was normal. Abdominal ultrasound revealed hepatosplenomegaly and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspirates were taken from the jejunal lymph nodes and the spleen. Results were consistent with disseminated mast cell tumor. The owner declined any treatment and the dog was euthanatized. Postmortem examination confirmed disseminated mast cell tumor affecting multiple organs, including the sphenoid bones. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing MRI features of disseminated mast cell tumor affecting the sphenoid bones and causing acute onset of blindness in a dog.     

SUBCLINICAL CT ABNORMALITIES IN THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE OF OLDER LARGE-BREED DOGS

Computed tomography (CT) of the L5-S3 vertebral levels was performed in six, large-breed dogs presented for problems unrelated to the lumbosacral spine. All dogs were asymptomatic for lumbosacral stenosis on neurologic examination. Breeds included German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Boxermix and Belgian Malinois. Ages ranged from 5-12 years. Five out of six dogs exhibited CT abnormalities. Among the 18 disc levels examined, the most common findings were idiopathic stenosis, loss of vertebral canal epidural fat, and nerve tissue displacement. Less common abnormalities were vertebral canal or foraminal bone proliferation, loss of intervertebral foramen fat, vertebral canal disc bulging, degenerative articular process joint disease, transitional vertebra, dural ossification, foraminal disc bulging, Schmorl's nodes, calcified extruded disc fragment, and sacroiliac joint osteophytes. Vertebral subluxation was absent in all dogs. Findings indicate that some lumbosacral CT abnormalities may be clinically insignificant, especially in older dogs.     

Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the tarsus of foals and relationship to osteochondrosis

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Pathological changes in the blood supply to growth cartilage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis (OC) in horses, but have not been reported using vascular perfusion techniques. OBJECTIVE: To describe the developmental pattern of cartilage canal vessels in the distal tibial epiphysis and talar growth cartilage of foals. METHODS: Nine foals bred from parents with OC were sacrificed between the ages of 0 and 7 weeks to undergo a barium perfusion procedure. The distal end of the tibia and the entire talus were cleared in methyl salicylate and perfused vessels studied in the intact bones. Slabs with a thickness of 4-5 mm from 3 predilection sites for OC were examined in the stereomicroscope and with light microscopy. RESULTS: Cartilage canals were present for a limited period of growth. Perfused vessels initially entered canals from the perichondrium. Vessels in the proximal portion of canals retained their perichondrial arterial source throughout. With time, the ossification front advanced to incorporate the mid-portion of canals; and anastomoses formed between canal vessels and subchondral vessels. A shift occurred and vessels in the distal terminus of canals came to use subchondral vessels as their arterial source. Twelve histological lesions were found in 7 foals. All contained necrotic vessels surrounded by necrotic growth cartilage and 3 caused macroscopically visible delay in endochondral ossification. Lesions were located where vessels traversed the ossification front to enter the distal terminus of canals. CONCLUSION: Cartilage canal vessels are particularly susceptible to failure at the point where they cross the ossification front, with consequences for the viability of those chondrocytes that depend on them. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: A better understanding of how lesions of OC arise may improve the ability to identify, monitor, prevent and treat this disorder. Involvement of cartilage canals in the pathogenesis of equine tarsal OC plausibly explains several clinical features of this disease.     

EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION ON ARTERIAL BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY IN THE SEVENTH LUMBAR SPINAL GANGLION OF THE DOG: MEASUREMENT USING INTRAOPERATIVE DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Intraoperative Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure the effects of four experimental nerve root compression treatments (central compression, central-plus-lateral compression, lateral compression, and compression release) on arterial blood flow velocities in the seventh lumbar spinal ganglion of three dogs. Graphed blood flow velocity changes (change = treatment value − pretreatment value) were below baseline during the first three compression treatments and above baseline following compression release. Mean blood flow velocity changes for both central-plus-lateral compression and lateral compression differed (p ≤ 0.05) from changes for central compression. Changes for central-plus-lateral compression did not differ (p > 0.05) from changes for lateral compression. Changes among the first three compression treatments differed (p ≤ 0.05) from changes for compression release. No histologic abnormalities were identified in compressed nerve tissues, compared to contralateral controls. These findings indicate that stenosis within the L7-S1 intervertebral foramen may cause ischemia of the L7 spinal ganglion in dogs.