Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract in 34 horses

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between the bacteriology and aspects of history, clinical presentation, outcome and pathology of lower respiratory tract disease of 34 horses. PROCEDURE: Detailed aerobic and anaerobic bacteriological investigations were performed on clinical specimens from horses with pneumonia, lung abscessation and necrotic pneumonia with or without pleurisy in an attempt to identify those bacteria that might contribute to the initiation and progression of infection. RESULTS: Bacteria were cultured from 33 of the 34 horses. In ten cases, only aerobic/facultatively anaerobic isolates were cultured while aerobic/facultatively anaerobic bacteria and obligately anaerobic bacteria were isolated in the other 23 cases. Moderate to large numbers of anaerobic bacteria were isolated only when the estimated duration of illness was at least five days. Bacteria were not cultured from 12 of the pleural fluid samples but were always cultured from pulmonary samples (either transtracheal aspirates from live horses or pulmonary lesions at necropsy). Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus was isolated in the three cases where only one bacterial species was cultured. In the other 30 cases, multiple species were isolated. These included most often and in greatest numbers, Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus, Pasteurellaceae, Escherichia coli, anaerobic cocci, Eubacterium fossor, Bacteroides tectum, Prevotella heparinolytica, Fusobacterium spp, and pigmented members of the genera Prevotella and Porphyromonas. Aerobic/facultatively anaerobic organisms were isolated from 97% of horses, while obligately anaerobic organisms were cultured from 68% of horses. CONCLUSION: There was no association between the isolation of any specific bacterium and the outcome of disease. However, obligately anaerobic bacteria (such as anaerobic cocci, Bacteroides tectum, P heparinolytica and Fusobacterium spp) and the facultatively anaerobic species Escherichia coli, were recovered more commonly from horses that died or were euthanased than from those that survived. There was an association between failure of horses to recover from pleuropneumonia and delay in diagnosis and initiation of treatment.     

甘草查尔酮E对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性

应用肉汤微量稀释法测定甘草查尔酮E对金黄色葡萄球菌（简称金葡菌）的抗菌活性,并通过溶血试验、Western blot分析和荧光定量PCR试验考察亚抑菌浓度的甘草查尔酮E对金葡菌α-溶血素表达的影响。结果显示,甘草查尔酮E对7株金葡菌的最低抑菌质量浓度为2～8mg/L;亚抑菌浓度的甘草查尔酮E能显著降低金葡菌α-溶血素的表达,且呈现剂量依赖性。     

中国结缕草属植物抗盐性评价

根据形态分类和地理分布选择36份代表性结缕草属种质,在0%、0.2%、0.5%、1%、2%和4%NaCl浓度下砂培的抗盐实验结果表明,结缕草属种质在0.5%NaCl浓度以下除少数日本结缕草种质外基本不受盐害,大部分能抗1.0%NaCl浓度胁迫,在2.0%NaCl浓度以上则大部分种质受害,表明结缕草属种质具有较强的抗盐性;除少数外,其他种质的抗盐性都不如狗牙根品种"爬地青";这种抗盐性有较大的变异,这种变异首先来自于种间差异,其次来自于该种质地带性分布的土壤状况,如生长于海边或者滨海地区盐碱地的种类则抗盐性好。结缕草属种质的这种抗盐性与叶片长度、宽度以及叶面被毛情况呈高度负相关,但这种相关不体现在日本结缕草和中华结缕草种内。根据耐盐系数值,可将供试36份种分成高抗、中抗、抗和敏感4种类型。     

Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin after Intramuscular Administration of Enrofloxacin in Goats

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin were investigated in goats after a single intramuscular administration of enrofloxacin at 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined simultaneously by a HPLC method. The peak concentrations (C _max) of enrofloxacin (1.13 g/ml) and ciprofloxacin (0.24 g/ml) were observed at 0.8 and 1.2 h, respectively. The elimination half-life (t _1/2), volume of distribution (V _d(area)), total body clearance (Cl_B) and mean residence time (MRT) of enrofloxacin were 0.74 h, 1.42 L/kg, 1329 ml/h per kg and 1.54 h, respectively. The t _1/2, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and the MRT of ciprofloxacin were 1.38 h, 0.74 g h/ml and 2.73 h, respectively. The metabolic conversion of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was appreciable (36%) and the sum of the plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was maintained at or above 0.1 g/ml for up to 4 h. Enrofloxacin appears to be useful for the treatment of goat diseases associated with pathogens sensitive to this drug.     

4种牧草苗期耐盐性比较

用不同NaCl溶液分别对梭罗草（Roegneria thoroldiana）、碱茅（Puccinellia distans）、中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis）和垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）进行胁迫处理,研究它们在不同质量分数的NaCl胁迫下植物组织受伤害程度、叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸的含量及过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性的变化。结果表明,在盐质量分数为0.2%时,4种供试牧草的抗盐性依次为碱茅>中华羊茅>梭罗草>垂穗披碱草;在质量分数为0.4%~1.0%时,抗盐性依次为碱茅>梭罗草>中华羊茅>垂穗披碱草。     

氯化钠对白腐真菌生长的影响

研究采用梯度平板法观察氯化钠(NaCl)对白腐真菌生长的影响,试验表明:在0-30 g/L NaCl质量浓度区间,8种白腐真菌生长速率随时间呈线性降低.统计分析结果表明:8种白腐真菌在不同NaCl质量浓度下的生长速率均存在显著性差异.     

外源SA对盐胁迫下颠茄生理生化、氮代谢及次生代谢的影响

采用无土栽培的方式,研究0.75 mmol/L 水杨酸(SA)对100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下颠茄幼苗生理生化、氮代谢与次生代谢的影响。结果表明,外源SA处理后:颠茄叶片叶绿素含量增多,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、PSⅡ激发能捕获效率(F_v'/F_m')、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著升高,初始荧光(F_o)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)明显降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性明显增强,丙二醛(MDA)含量明显降低;可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量降低;NO3-含量增加,NH4+含量减少,谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性提高,谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性降低;次生代谢产物莨菪碱和东莨菪碱含量显著提升。说明0.75 mmol/L外源SA能显著改善100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下颠茄幼苗的光合性能,调节有机渗透物质含量,提高抗氧化酶活性,减小膜脂过氧化程度,以缓解盐胁迫造成的伤害。并使氮代谢相关酶活性恢复或增强,为生物碱的合成提供更多的前体物质和能量,从而直接或间接地促进了次生代谢产物的合成与积累。     

猫下泌尿道综合征

猫下泌尿道综合征（FLUTD）是猫最常见的疾病之一,因其发病率高、病因复杂、确诊困难、治疗后易复发等特点,逐渐成为猫科疾病的研究热点。FLUTD包括多种疾病类型,精准治疗、合理预防已成为科学防控该疾病的关键。本文从FLUTD的分类、流行病学及风险因子、发病机制、临床症状、诊断和防治对该综合征进行综述,以推动猫下泌尿道综合征的深入研究及临床诊疗的发展。     

Concentrations of trimethoprim and sulphadoxine in tissues from goats and a cow.

The concentration of trimethoprim and sulphadoxine in plasma and tissue from goats and a cow have been determined after a single intravenous injection. Furthermore, the concentration of the two drugs and their metabolites in plasma and tissues have been determined after continuous intravenous infusion for 2½–3 hrs. Trimethoprim was present in all tissues but brain at higher concentrations than in plasma while the concentration of sulphadoxine in the different tissues were lower than in plasma. The highest concentration of the 2 drugs and their metabolites was found in the kidney. The distribution pattern of trimethoprim and sulphadoxine was similar in cow and goats.     

Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under long‐term heat stress is sink‐limited with stronger inhibition of kernel setting than grain filling

The aim of the study was to investigate source‐sink relations of wheat under continuous heat stress and to identify bottle necks of yield formation. A pot experiment was conducted in two climatic chambers exposing wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Thasos) either to day/night temperatures of 20/20°C (control conditions) or of 30/25°C (heat stress) during the whole vegetation period in the absence of plant water deficit. Plants were harvested at four phenological stages: three‐node stage (DC 33), start of flowering (DC 61), grain filling (DC 75) and maturity (DC 94). Heat stress shortened the development phases of the plants and caused a significant decrease in total above‐ground biomass between 19% and 41%. At grain filling and at maturity, the reductions in total shoot biomass mainly resulted from grain yield depressions by 77% and 58%, respectively. The ear number per plant was significantly higher under heat stress in comparison with the control, at maturity it was more than doubled. On the contrary, under heat stress, the kernel number per ear was strongly decreased by 83% and 75% during grain filling and at maturity, respectively. The decrease in individual kernel weight was 23% at maturity. Thus, the heat‐stressed plants were able to strongly increase the number of ear‐bearing tillers which were able to set only a small number of kernels, yet these kernels showed good grain filling. The harvest index (HI) of heat‐stressed plants was significantly reduced by 36% (control: HI = 50.1% ± 0.4, heat: HI = 32.2% ± 0.9***). The plants in the stress treatment adapted to the adverse conditions by less biomass production which presumably allowed a higher transpiration without an increase in total water consumption. Nevertheless, under heat stress, the water use efficiency (WUE_grain) was strongly decreased by 62% as a result of a small grain yield. In ears and grains, the sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations were not significantly different between control and heat stress at start of flowering and during grain filling. Thus, the supply of assimilates was not restricted (no source limitation). Sink capacity was reduced by heat stress, as lesser and smaller kernels were produced than in the control. Concerning sink activity, the sink‐limiting step during kernel set is probably the active transport of hexoses across the plasma membrane into the developing kernels, which could also affect grain filling. This needs to be investigated in more detail in further studies.