Intraruminal administration of milk in the calf as a model for ruminal drinking: Morphological and enzymatical changes in the jejunal mucosa

In order to develop a calf model for studying the syndrome of ruminal drinking (RD) in veal calves, three dual-fistulated calves were used to test the effect of intraruminal administration of milk replacer on the jejunal mucosa. Biopsies of the proximal jejunal mucosa were taken through a jejunal fistula and the mucosal morphology and the activities of two brush border enzymes, lactase and alkaline phosphatase, were determined.Means of villus length and brush border enzyme activities decreased during the period of intraruminal administration of milk. The hyperplastic villus atrophy in this model was similar to that found in chronic RD patients in previous studies. This could not be associated with isolation of pathogenic micro-organisms from the faeces and is probably the consequence of the intraruminal milk feeding procedure itself.Clinical recovery from the signs of RD occurred rapidly after intraruminal administration of milk ceased and was followed by restoration of villus length and brush border enzyme activities 3–4 weeks later.     

高温对母猪泌乳和相关调控激素影响的研究进展

母乳的产量和质量对哺乳仔猪的成活率、生长速度及健康程度至关重要,而高温是影响家畜泌乳健康的一个重要环境因素。特别是夏季,动物因长期处于高温环境而容易引发热应激。此外,动物的泌乳过程受到机体内分泌系统的严格调控,涉及多种激素,包括催乳素（PRL）、生长激素（GH）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）等。很多生产数据和研究结果表明,高温会造成母猪采食量降低,泌乳性能下降以及内分泌状态的改变,进而对母猪、仔猪均产生不利影响。为了保证母猪的健康状态及仔猪良好的生长性能,了解高温对母猪泌乳及相关内分泌激素的影响十分必要。作者针对高温对母猪泌乳量、乳成分和泌乳相关激素的影响进行总结,得到高温会降低母猪泌乳量,改变乳糖、乳脂和乳蛋白的含量及泌乳调控激素水平的结论,为后续探索高温影响母猪泌乳的内分泌机制及寻找适宜的缓解高温对母猪泌乳危害的措施提供参考。     

日粮营养水平对奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响及其作用机理的研究进展

乳蛋白作为乳中重要的组成成分,含有人体所需的几乎所有必需氨基酸。然而,奶牛乳蛋白的合成受很多因素影响,如日粮组成、遗传因素、饲养环境等,但具体影响机制尚不明确。因此,研究乳蛋白合成机理,结合营养调控措施提高其在乳中的含量,成为目前研究的热点和重点。作者就目前日粮营养水平对奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响及其作用机理的研究进行了综述。     

细胞因子在奶牛乳房炎生物学防治中的应用

鉴于细胞因子对乳房免疫机能独特有效的操纵和调节,在奶牛乳房炎控制中具有一定独特优势,作者就细胞因子的生物学活性、作用机制和特点进行了综述,并重点对国内外应用奶牛重组细胞因子防治奶牛乳房炎进行了总结、分析,有望为控制奶牛乳房炎提供安全、有效、实用的生物学防治途径。     

酶联免疫法检测生鲜乳中三聚氰胺的研究

用酶联免疫法对25个生鲜乳样品中的三聚氰胺残留进行检测,结果显示,离散系数小于10%,平均回收率高达97.7%,且所有生鲜乳样品的三聚氰胺含量均未超标。酶联免疫法可应用于生鲜乳三聚氰胺检测的筛选试验。     

Correlation of Different Biochemical Parameters in Blood Sera of Healthy and Sick Cows

Metabolic diseases of cows represent the leading internal pathology in Lithuania in terms of incidence and economic impact. This paper summarizes the mineral metabolic state of milk cows, and details the influence of feeding on serum levels of calcium, nonorganic phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, glucose, total protein, and urea quantity, and correlationd among them, in healthy dry or post-calving cows as well as in cows with osteomalacia and milk fever after calving. There was less pronounced hypocalcaemia and there were only minor changes in phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and sodium in the serum of healthy dry and post-calving cows that had silage and mineral-vitamin supplements, compared to cows that did not have supplements and silage. There was a fall in calcium and phosphorus (to 1.89 +/- 0.12 mmol/L and 0.71 +/- 0.06 mmol/L, respectively) in the blood of cows sick with milk fever after calving, while levels of magnesium and potassium were increased. The correlation between calcium and phosphorus was r = 0.6993, p < 0.001 in the serum of sick cows. There was a fall in calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (to 1.86 +/- 0.46 mmol/L, 0.75 +/- 0.37 mmol/L, and 0.60 +/- 0.19 mmol/L, respectively) and an increase in sodium level (to 158.90 +/- 19.30 mmol/L) in the blood of cows with osteomalacia in comparison with healthy cows.     

有机铬对奶牛的作用

奶牛在妊娠晚期、产奶早期、高温时期和运输过程中处于极度应激的状态下,生产性能、免疫力、繁殖性能均受到影响。近年来研究发现有机铬对缓解奶牛应激有显著的作用,本文将就此作一综述。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定奶粉中锌的含量

采用原子吸收光谱法测定多种品牌奶粉中锌的含量,对干法消化奶粉所用混合酸的组成、比例等试验条件进行了研究,其最佳样品处理条件为:硝酸-高氯酸(4+1)作为溶解用酸,1 mol/L盐酸作为定容用酸,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于2%.     

藏山羊乳主要营养成分及乳酶、乳清蛋白的研究

本文研究了分布于西藏和四川地区的藏山羊乳蛋白、乳糖和乳脂含量,并对乳中4种酶活力及乳清蛋白的组成进行了研究。结果表明:藏山羊乳中3种营养成分存在一定的地区差异,脱脂乳中乳酸脱氢酶,碱性磷酸酶,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、乳过氧化物酶活力分别为81.9±37.8、7.7±3.5、437.4±93.0、532.7±202.6单位。乳过氧化物酶在体外可被10~(-5)M的硫氰酸根或乳酸根活化。用琼脂糖凝胶电泳可将乳LDH分出LDH_1、LDH_2和LDH_3三带,各带所占百分比例分别为50.6±4.5、31.6±4.2和17.8±3.3,提示乳LDH不是来源于血液。用SDS—PAGE可将乳清蛋白分出5条区带。     

高频饮用牛奶和葡萄糖对雌性大鼠生殖机能的影响

选用22d断奶SD大鼠高频饮用牛奶或葡萄糖40d,分别记录各组动物的阴道开张时间和阴道黏液、每周日增重、卵巢及子宫所占体重百分比、血糖水平,收集卵巢进行组织学处理以观察卵泡发育情况,探讨高频饮用牛奶和葡萄糖对雌性大鼠初情期的影响.结果显示,奶组和糖组大鼠较对照组阴道开张时间来得早,预示初情期可能提前,而且,奶组和糖组大鼠的卵巢占体重百分比较对照组高(P＜0.05).牛奶组血糖水平比对照组高,但糖组与对照组血糖水平差异不显著.通过对卵巢进行石蜡切片、HE染色及卵泡计数,结果显示:奶组的闭锁卵泡、每张切片卵泡总平均数都比对照组多(P＜0.05),而葡萄糖组的黄体数比对照组少(P＜0.05).试验表明高频饮用牛奶和葡萄糖可对性成熟前雌性大鼠的生殖机能产生一定影响.