不同还田方式下北方旱作小麦秸秆腐解规律研究

为揭示不同还田方式下北方旱作小麦秸秆腐解规律,以小麦秸秆为试验材料,采用尼龙网袋法,于2014-2015年度在山西临汾保护性耕作长期定位试验区进行试验,设置秸秆还田旋耕(SRT)、秸秆覆盖免耕(SNT)2个处理,分析不同耕作方式下小麦秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、有机碳、全氮含量以及秸秆腐解率、有机碳矿化率、全氮释放率的变化。结果显示,经过375 d的田间腐解,SRT秸秆腐解率为50%,SNT秸秆腐解率为31%。SRT秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的平均腐解率分别为65%、45%、53%,SNT分别为56%、30%、39%;SRT秸秆有机碳的矿化率为57%,SNT为40%;SRT秸秆全氮素释放率为15%,SNT为36%。研究表明,SRT可加快秸秆腐解与组成成分的分解,SNT有利于秸秆氮素的释放,可减少农田氮投入。SNT秸秆有机碳矿化率低可减少农田碳循环速率,提高麦田固碳能力。本研究结果对我国北方旱作小麦秸秆还田管理具有一定的借鉴参考价值。     

羧甲基纤维素钠-改性膨润土复合凝胶的制备及缓释性能

采用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)凝胶加入改性膨润土的方法制备缓释肥料,考察CMC、膨润土和尿素质量浓度及交联剂浓度对羧甲基纤维素钠-改性膨润土复合凝胶缓释效果的影响,并利用扫描电镜进行表征。结果表明,在凝胶中加入膨润土有效的延长了尿素释放时间,质量浓度30g/L的CMC、25g/L的膨润土、50g/L的尿素及0.10mol/L交联剂制得的复合凝胶缓释效果最佳,释放80%的尿素需要20d;利用扫描电镜,可以观察到在缓释颗粒表面存在孔洞,整个释放过程中缓释颗粒的整体结构依然存在,说明颗粒有一定缓释能力。     

山旱区全膜覆盖种植马铃薯施肥现状分析及建议

利用全膜覆盖垄作技术在高原山旱地种植马铃薯,取得了显著的蓄水、保墒、增温以及增产效果,是山旱区农业增效和农民增收的一项重要措施。本文结合全膜覆盖种植马铃薯在施肥技术方面存在的问题,结合生产实际提出了以调控氮肥为主和使用缓释氮肥配合磷、钾肥播前一次性施入,达到补充后期氮素的需要,以获得高产高效的目标。     

不同秸秆还田方式效果对比研究

采用堆沤还田、粉碎还田和直接还田对玉米秸秆腐解特征和养分释放特征进行了研究。结果表明:经过105 d的腐解,粉碎还田处理下的秸秆74.1%、堆沤还田处理的71.2%、直接还田处理的65.4%被腐解。玉米秸秆的腐解速度为粉碎还田堆沤还田直接还田。堆沤还田方式下氮、磷、钾释放率分别为53.6%、90.2%、58.4%;粉碎还田方式下分别为58.7%、95.6%、53.9%;直接还田方式下为49.8%、88.5%、53.3%。作物秸秆磷的释放率最大。     

炭基缓释花生专用肥应用研究

研究炭基缓释花生专用肥对花生生长发育和产量品质的影响,结果表明:每667 m2施炭基缓释花生专用肥50 kg处理的花生植株生长健壮,果大、果多、果实饱满,增产增效显著,同时可提高花生果仁脂肪含量。     

Effects of Side Deep Fertilization on Yield Formation and Nitrogen Utilization of Mechanized Transplanting Rice

【Objective】Mechanized transplanting of rice with synchronous side deep application of fertilizer is a new and advanced technology that is still developing rapidly. In-depth studies on the effects of mechanized side deep placement of different types of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the grain yield and N utilization efficiency of mechanized transplanted rice will be helpful for devising strategies to improve the mechanization of planting and fertilization, and to provide a theoretical basis for reducing costs and increasing fertilization efficiency in rice production. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 with a randomized complete block design, with five N fertilizer application treatments: N0-plots without N fertilizer; CUB-manual surface broadcast of urea (CU); CUM-mechanized side deep placement of CU; CRUB-manual surface broadcast of controlled release urea (CRU); and CRUM-mechanized side deep placement of CRU. The characteristics of matter production, as well as N uptake and distribution, N use efficiency, yield, and yield components of rice were determined. 【Result】Each N fertilizer application treatment had similar effects on yield formation and N use efficiency in the two years. Compared with the CU treatment, the CRU treatment significantly improved dry matter accumulation, N uptake, N utilization efficiency, and grain yield. The dry matter accumulation and N uptake at maturity, N recovery efficiency (NRE), N agronomy efficiency (NAE), and grain yield were higher in the CRU treatment than in the CU treatment by 3.22%, 17.50%, 46.00%, 17.79%, and 3.72%, respectively, in 2017; and by 8.77%, 13.27%, 32.07%, 12.74%, and 3.32%, respectively, in 2018. Compared with surface broadcasting, mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer, regardless of the type of N fertilizer, significantly enhanced N use efficiency, and increased NRE and NAE by 17.91%-43.14% and 19.61%-37.39% respectively, in 2017; and by 53.80%-54.10% and 21.11%-35.11%, respectively, in 2018. Compared with surface broadcasting, mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer (CU or CRU) increased the grain yields in 2017 and 2018 by 4.46%-6.95% and 5.55%-8.11%, respectively, because of increased numbers of effective panicles and spikelets. The N uptake in stems-sheaths and leaves and the apparent amount of N translocated in stems-sheaths and leaves (TNT) were significantly higher in the CRUM treatment than in any other N application treatments from the heading stage to the maturity stage. Compared with the other N fertilizer treatments, the CRUM treatment also increased N uptake, SPAD values, and total aboveground biomass at the panicle initiation stage and full heading stage. 【Conclusion】Mechanized side deep placement of controlled release urea is an efficient fertilization method to increase the grain yield and N use efficiency of mechanized transplanted rice.     

抗旱保水剂和缓释肥料在公路边坡香根草种植中的应用

在公路边坡香根草生物治理中应用新型抗旱保水剂和高效缓释肥料的试验证明,该技术措施既能保证香根草生长期间的水分和养分的有效供应,又能提高香根草的种植成活率和坡面覆盖率,达到较好的护坡效果。试验结果表明:既施用缓释肥料,又采用保水剂处理的香根草移栽成活率达93%,坡面覆盖率达90%,护坡效果极好,150 d后坡面香根草已形成草篱,能有效地拦截坡面水土,生物治理和景观效果较佳。     

模拟酸雨作用下红壤中多环芳烃的释放及纵向迁移特征

以USEPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃为研究对象,通过酸雨的土柱淋溶试验模拟实际降水过程,分析了不同酸度的模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量的变化及不同性质多环芳烃在土柱中纵向迁移特征。研究结果表明:不同酸度模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量均较淋溶前减少,pH2.5酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃含量较淋溶前减小的幅度最大(52.08%),pH5.6酸雨淋溶后减小的幅度最小(21.55%);酸雨破坏土壤微结构,使土壤胶体分散,粘粒下移,与土壤粘粒结合在一起的多环芳烃也一起向下迁移,酸雨pH值越小,多环芳烃在土壤中的纵向迁移能力就越强;酸雨对土壤中不同性质多环芳烃的纵向迁移影响不同,对低环多环芳烃(环数≤4)的迁移影响较大,对高环多环芳烃(环数4)影响较小,主要是由于不同性质多环芳烃在土壤中结合的物质不同而引起的。该研究结果为了解酸雨作用下多环芳烃在土壤介质中的稳定性及其对地下水潜在污染的风险评价提供理论依据。     

控释肥和添加剂对双季稻温室气体排放影响和减排评价

【目的】稻田生态系统的温室气体排放一直是气候变化领域的研究热点,对发展低碳农业和缓解全球变暖具有重要意义。研究控释肥和添加剂对双季稻（Oryza sative L）温室气体排放和产量的影响,旨在综合评价其减排效果,筛选既能保证产量又能有效减排的施肥措施。【方法】以华中江汉平原地区双季稻为研究对象,设置6种不同控释肥或添加剂处理,包括①习惯施肥作为对照,②硫包膜控释尿素,③树脂包膜控释尿素,④缓释碧晶尿素,⑤尿素中加入质量分数1%的硝化抑制剂二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）,⑥施肥时泼洒与尿素等量的1：200倍稀释有效微生物菌剂培养液（EM菌剂）,采用自动静态箱-气相色谱法对温室气体排放通量进行长期连续监测,同步观测土壤无机氮素和产量,得出不同施肥处理的温室气体（CH4和N2O）排放特征,由内插加权法求得排放总量,最终计算出综合温室效应和排放强度。【结果】不同施肥处理下CH4和N2O排放通量具有较为明显的季节变化规律。早稻CH4排放总量以树脂包膜控释尿素最低,晚稻以碧晶尿素最低;而早稻和晚稻N2O排放总量均以硝化抑制剂DMPP最低。综合两个季节,各施肥处理的综合温室效应（以CO2当量100年算）差异显著（P＜0.05）,其中常规施肥＞硫包膜控释尿素＞硝化抑制剂DMPP＞EM菌剂＞碧晶尿素＞树脂包膜控释尿素;控释肥和添加剂处理对比常规均有不同程度的减排效果,其中树脂包膜控释尿素减排效果最高为56.2%,碧晶尿素次之为45.6%,且晚稻减排效果明显高于早稻。早稻控释肥和添加剂处理产量与常规施肥差异不显著,晚稻则存在显著增产,增产幅度为13.5%-16.2%。各处理的温室气体排放强度GHGI以树脂包膜控释尿素最低,与常规施肥差异极显著（P＜0.01）。【结论】双季稻不同施肥处理CH4和N2O的排放总量差异显著,控释肥和添加剂处理均能达到不同程度的减排。控释肥和添加剂处理对早稻增产效果差异不显著,对晚稻增产效果差异显著,减排效果也高于早稻。综合考虑经济效益和减排效果,可得出在当前的稻田管理条件下施用包膜控释肥、抑制剂和生物菌剂,能保证产量并有效降低温室气体排放,是水稻低碳高产可行的施肥措施。     

库滨带营养物质释放与净化截流作用规律研究

在水库库滨地带进行了营养物质释放与截流净化作用规律的试验研究,结果表明:在上方来水的条件下,农田表现为营养物质的释放,且输出的总氮和总磷的浓度处一种相对稳定的状态,近一步说明农田是水库水体的重要的非点源污染源;近水端的湿生草本带也表现为营养物质的释放;乔灌草带对总磷的去除效果较明显,但对总氮则表现为释放。当原水总磷浓度为1.6mg.L-1时,乔灌草带对总磷的去除率为4.21%;挺水植物带对总氮和总磷都有净化作用,去除率为2.51%,总氮的去除率为6.48%。