山丹县林业重点工程造林树种优选及提高造林质量措施

指出了山丹县林业重点工程造林是当前最重要的生态环境保护策略,能够起到调节水文的作用,必须加大对其的研究重视程度。基于此,分析了山丹县林业重点工程造林树种优选的措施,提出了因地制宜、科学选种,以及符合水土保持的选择原则两点策略。探讨了山丹县林业重点工程提高造林质量的措施,包括:合理排布林业造林布局、完善造林前准备工作、引入抗盐碱造林技术以及调整林业造林防护管理模式,这些措施对提高山丹县林业造林质量具有良好的促进作用。     

抽排厕所废物原位发酵回用可行性研究：杭桥村案例

为适应农村居民对现代化生活的追求、顺应可持续发展的趋势,本研究结合我国农村实情提出以“抽吸式-源分离-就地就近资源化”为技术路线的现代资源化模式作为农村家庭粪尿处置与利用的解决方案,选取一自然聚落,建设服务于20户居民的示范工程开展可行性研究。方案采用组合式多级厌氧发酵制肥工艺对单独收集的抽排厕所废物进行无害化处理,就地就近回用于附近农田,考察抽排厕所废物性质,对制肥设施进行定期监测,并于运行32个月后破拆清扫、取样分析。结果显示：设施未出现堵塞、满溢及渗漏现象,污泥积累不超过设施总有效高度的20%且充分稳定,具有维护简单、清扫周期长的特点;设施出液及底泥均未检出活寄生虫卵,粪大肠菌值>10^-4,符合《粪便无害化卫生要求》（GB 7959—2012）中的卫生标准;设施出液及底泥的总养分含量分别为0.18%和0.43%,有机质含量分别为0.05%和2.65%,每年产生的出液及污泥共计可取代氮肥（N）161.19 kg、磷肥（P₂O₅）9.67 kg、钾肥（K₂O）42.11 kg。现代资源化模式的成功运用不仅可以提高居民生活水平,还能满足可持续发展要求,降低家庭废物处理成本的同时,实现资源就地回用,具有较高的工程应用和推广价值。     

我国农产品加工业发展现状及对策

农产品加工业是我国最大的制造业,是经济发展的战略性支柱产业。通过对我国农产品加工业的发展现状进行概述分析,剖析其与国外一些发达国家相比存在的问题,发现我国农产品加工产业整体呈现稳步向前的发展态势,但各区域发展尚不平衡,农产品加工转化率、农产品加工业与农业总产值比有待提高。鉴于此,从政策引领、标准体系、各地特色与优势和科技创新4方面提出对策与建议,探讨我国农产品加工业如何突破制约和瓶颈,提高农产品加工转化率,提升农产品加工业与农业总产值比,增强自主创新能力,优化产业转型升级,促进我国农产品加工业快速发展。     

论地方渔民协会在我国海洋渔业可持续发展中的作用——来自海安老坝港镇捕捞协会的启示

近年来海洋渔业面临资源衰退、渔场减少、因渔民众多而监管成本高等问题，严重阻碍了我国海洋渔业经济的可持续发展。文章首先从交易成本的视觉对渔民协会在实现海洋渔业经济可持续发展中的作用进行了理论分析，然后以江苏海安县老坝港镇捕捞协会为对象，对理论推演的结论进行了实证检验。研究表明，老坝港捕捞渔民协会的成立，一方面能够在保证转业者福利不低于捕捞业的情况下，协助转业者寻找替代性就业机会，从而有利于降低捕捞业的劳动力人数，减轻对渔业资源的压力；另一方面能使政府在市场经济条件下提高管理效率、降低政府和渔民的交易成本，有利于促进海洋捕捞渔业的可持续发展。     

The use of eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine in mice (Mus musculus) for tail vein injections

ObjectiveTo investigate a topical local anesthesia technique as a means to prevent and/or diminish pain in mice in a laboratory setting associated with tail vein injections performed by personnel in training.Study designProspective, randomized experimental trial.AnimalsThirty six adult female, 23–28 g CD-1 mice from an in-house training colony. They were acclimated to routine training and handling classes.MethodsEutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) cream (2.5% lidocaine/2.5% prilocaine) or a bland ointment control (n = 18) was applied on the tail prior to intravenous injection. The injections were performed by novices, who had never attempted the procedure, and experienced personnel. All participants were blinded to treatment groups. Three injection attempts were allowed per animal. The mice were observed and scored by blinded evaluators for behavioral and physiological changes, including respiratory rate, vocalization, tail flick, and escape behaviors, during and after the injection.ResultsThis study demonstrates that aversive behaviors induced by lateral tail vein injection were not changed by the preemptive application of EMLA cream. The aversive behaviors associated with lateral tail vein injection were significantly affected by the number of injection attempts and the individual's experience level.Conclusions and clinical relevanceTopical EMLA cream did not reduce signs of aversive reaction to tail vein injection and thus we did not find support for its use in mouse training programs for tail vein injections.     

Latitudinal and seasonal variation in reproductive effort of the eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus)

Geographic variation in life‐history traits among populations of wide‐ranging species is influenced by both spatial and temporal aspects of the environment. Rarely, however, are the effects of both aspects examined concurrently. We collected gravid female lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) from northern (Indiana), central (Mississippi) and southern (Florida) populations, spanning nearly the full latitudinal range of the species, to examine amongpopulation differences in strategies of reproductive energy allocation. Adult females from the southern population were smaller, and produced fewer and smaller eggs in their first clutches than did females from the more northern populations. Southern females were more likely to produce a second clutch, and second clutches were smaller than first clutches for females from the 2 northern populations. Together these trends eliminated population differences in overall reproductive output after accounting for body size. The trend for greater reproductive energy to be allocated to first clutches at higher latitudes, and to later clutches at lower latitudes is corroborated by published data from field studies on multiple populations. Distributing reproductive effort by producing more clutches of smaller eggs may be an adaptive response to the long season available for egg incubation and lizard activity in sub‐tropical southern environments. In contrast, allocating greater resources to early reproduction may enhance maternal fitness in the relatively short activity seasons that characterize more northern sites.     

Detection of quinolone-resistance genes in Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida strains by targeting-induced local lesions in genomes

Quinolone-resistant strains of the fish-pathogenic bacterium, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida are distributed widely in cultured yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (Temminck & Schlegel), in Japan. The quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) was amplified with degenerate primers, followed by cassette ligation-mediated PCR. Open reading frames encoding proteins of 875 and 755 amino acid residues were detected in the gyrA and parC genes, respectively. Resistant strains of P. damselae subsp. piscicida carried a point mutation only in the gyrA QRDR leading to a Ser-to-Ile substitution at residue position 83. No amino acid alterations were discovered in the ParC sequence. A mutation in the gyrA gene was also detected in nalidixic acid-resistant mutants of strain SP96002 obtained from agar medium containing increased levels of quinolone. These results suggest that GyrA, as in other Gram-negative bacteria, is a target of quinolone in P. damselae subsp. piscicida. Furthermore, we attempted to detect a point mutation using targeting-induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING), which is a general strategy used for the detection of a variety of induced point mutations and naturally occurring polymorphisms. We developed a new detection method for the rapid and large-scale identification of quinolone-resistant strains of P. damselae subsp. piscicida using TILLING.     

油菜施用配方缓释肥效果试验

通过田间试验研究比较油菜配方缓释肥、配方施肥、当地习惯施肥对油菜产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：油菜配方缓释肥处理比配方施肥处理、习惯施肥处理分别增产16.9～21.0kg/667m2、23.6～37.1kg/667m2,产值分别增加86.19～107.10元/667m2、120.36～189.21元/667m2;油菜配方缓释肥产投比最高,为3.19～5.59。     

植物多样性促进种支配局域空间多样性结构

生物多样性的形成和维持机制一直是生态学关注的核心议题,检验了温带森林群落多样性格局组建过程中生态位理论所强调的确定性过程与中性理论所关注的随机过程的相对重要性,并且量化了二者所起作用的空间尺度。在520 m ×420 m中龄林动态监测样地树种空间定位数据的基础上,采用单物种-面积关系模型量化了特定树种对局域范围物种多样性的影响,同时利用同质性泊松过程和异质性泊松过程来检验目标物种偏离中性状态的显著性程度。研究结果表明,除红松、长白落叶松和青杨外,绝大多数树种在小尺度上表现为多样性促进种。植物多样性促进种和中性种共同支配了林分空间多样性格局,但二者所起作用的相对大小与空间尺度密切相关。多样性促进种比例随着空间尺度增加而减小,中性种比例随着空间尺度增加而增大,抑制种比例维持在较低水平且变化不大;在中小尺度上,植物多样性促进种在群落中占据绝对优势,而在大尺度上中性种则占优势。因此,中性理论所关注的随机过程和生态位理论强调的确定性过程相互耦合,共同决定了温带中龄林群落空间多样性格局的组建过程。