特殊Galois环上矩阵Kronecker积的广义逆

利用环上矩阵理论。研究了Galois环R=Z／P^k Z上矩阵Kronecker积的广义逆，得到了环R上的矩阵Kroneeker积的广义逆的一些性质及其存在的充要条件和等价条件．     

鸡CSRP3基因编码区SNPs及其与肌纤维性状的相关分析

CSRP3基因是肌细胞分化所必需的正向调节因子,在肌肉生长发育过程中发挥重要作用。研究以220只63日龄(上市日龄)"花山麻鸡"为研究素材,应用PCR扩增与测序首次扫描了鸡CSRP3基因编码区SNPs,并将其与腓肠肌外侧头肌纤维平均面积、直径和密度等肌纤维性状进行关联分析。结果显示:在鸡CSRP3基因编码区共发现G180A、C240T、G246A、C252T、C546T、A633G 6个SNPs,均为同义突变;相关分析表明,A633G位点的多态性与花山麻鸡腓肠肌外侧头肌纤维平均面积存在极显著的基因型效应(P<0.01),与肌纤维平均直径、肌纤维平均密度存在显著的基因型效应(P<0.05)。结果表明,CSRP3基因可作为影响鸡骨骼肌生长发育的候选基因,可选择CSRP3基因编码区的633位点作为鸡骨骼肌肌纤维性状的分子标记辅助选择的候选标记。     

CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in介导的输卵管特异性表达转基因鸡研究进展

利用动物生物反应器生产重组蛋白是一种具有应用前景的生物技术。鸡输卵管生物反应器是理想的动物生物反应器之一,其优点在于表达的外源蛋白能够分泌到蛋清中,可避免蛋白提取过程中对鸡本身造成伤害,同时蛋清成分简单,便于后期的纯化。目前利用慢病毒结合原始生殖细胞(PGCs)制备转基因鸡被认为是最可行的方法,但因外源基因随机整合且生殖系传递效率较低,使转基因鸡研究受到技术上的限制。而2013年问世的CRISPR/Cas9基因敲入(CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in)技术能够使外源基因精准定向插入基因组特异性位点,这对生产输卵管特异性转基因鸡具有重大意义。文章综述了鸡输卵管反应器的研究进展、CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in技术在输卵管特异性表达转基因鸡研究和鸡育种领域的应用现状,并指出了目前存在的问题和相应的解决办法。     

应用蛋白质多态性对家鸡起源的研究

对国内外29个鸡种5个血液蛋白质多态位点上等位基因频率进行遗传距离的计算,并进行了聚类分析。结果表明,原产于意大利的来航鸡和原产于英国的罗斯鸡亲缘关系最为接近;亚洲鸡种间的亲缘关系较近;而家鸡与原鸡间的亲缘关系较远。就4种原鸡(红色原鸡、灰色原鸡、锡兰原鸡、绿颈原鸡)而言,以红色原鸡和家鸡的亲缘关系较为接近。聚类图一方面反映出鸡种之间因地理隔离造成的遗传分化,另一方面也说明红色原鸡可能是家鸡的主要祖先。     

香菇多糖的生理功能和作用机制及其在猪、鸡生产中的应用

香菇多糖是从香菇子实体中分离提取的天然活性成分,具有抗炎、抗氧化、促进肠道健康等多种功能,应用于畜禽生产中具有提高畜禽生产性能、增强免疫力等作用。本文就香菇多糖的生理功能和作用机制及其在猪、鸡生产中应用的研究进展进行综述,旨在为香菇多糖在畜禽生产中进一步应用提供参考。     

淮南麻黄鸡亲代及选一代外貌性状基因纯合程度的初步研究

对淮南麻黄鸡8只公鸡与62只母鸡交配所得子一代进行外貌鉴定。结果表明,羽色基因纯合程度很低,杂色羽率高达33.63%。白耳率为8.33%。喙、脚色基因纯合程度较高,杂色喙率和杂色脚率分别只有3.57和2.38%。来自边远农村与来自近郊农村的亲本后代外貌性状分离比率差异不显著(P>0.05)。提纯选择的子一代自群繁育所得子二代,其杂色羽率、白耳率、杂色喙率和杂色脚率分别降低到25.25、0.00、2.97和1.98%。子一代和子二代的鸡冠形状均未出现分离现象,显示出这个性状基因纯合程度很高。     

Egg storage and breeder age impact on egg quality and embryo development

Prolonged hatching egg storage (>7 days) influences internal egg quality and embryo survival during both storage and subsequent incubation. Moreover, effects of storage of hatching eggs interact with the breeder age. The aim of this review was to investigate how this interaction between storage duration and breeder age affects egg, embryo, hatchling and chicken characteristics. Prolonged storage resulted in a reduction in egg quality in both young and old breeders. This reduction was more pronounced in young flocks than in older flocks. For example, albumen pH increased more after 8 days of storage in younger flocks than in older flocks. Additionally, the embryonic morphological stage appears to increase as well with storage duration, but this increase is again more pronounced in younger flocks than in older flocks. Short storage (<7 days) seems to increase hatchability of eggs from young breeders, probably as a result of albumen liquefaction with consequently better oxygen availability for the embryo. However, long storage (>7 days) resulted in a decline in hatchability, which was stronger in older breeders than in younger breeders. Prolonged storage duration resulted in lower chicken quality in both young and old breeders, but interaction between storage duration and breeder age on multiple chicken quality parameters is not clear. Based on this review, it can be concluded that (a) Short storage can improve hatchability of eggs from young breeders, but not from older breeders. (b) Negative impact of long storage appears to be lower with young breeders than with old breeders. (c) Adapted storage conditions related to the age of breeders might be an option to reduce negative effects of prolonged storage on hatching egg quality and chicken quality.     

Genome-wide detection of signatures of selection in three Valdostana cattle populations

The Valdostana is a local dual purpose cattle breed developed in Italy. Three populations are recognized within this breed, based on coat colour, production level, morphology and temperament: Valdostana Red Pied (VPR), Valdostana Black Pied (VPN) and Valdostana Chestnut (VCA). Here, we investigated putative genomic regions under selection among these three populations using the Bovine 50K SNP array by combining three different statistical methods based either on allele frequencies (F_ST) or extended haplotype homozygosity (iHS and Rsb). In total, 8, 5 and 8 chromosomes harbouring 13, 13 and 16 genomic regions potentially under selection were identified by at least two approaches in VPR, VPN and VCA, respectively. Most of these candidate regions were population-specific but we found one common genomic region spanning 2.38 Mb on BTA06 which either overlaps or is located close to runs of homozygosity islands detected in the three populations. This region included inter alia two well-known genes: KDR, a well-established coat colour gene, and CLOCK, which plays a central role in positive regulation of inflammatory response and in the regulation of the mammalian circadian rhythm. The other candidate regions identified harboured genes associated mainly with milk and meat traits as well as genes involved in immune response/inflammation or associated with behavioural traits. This last category of genes was mainly identified in VCA, which is selected for fighting ability. Overall, our results provide, for the first time, a glimpse into regions of the genome targeted by selection in Valdostana cattle. Finally, this study illustrates the relevance of using multiple complementary approaches to identify genomic regions putatively under selection in livestock.     

Genetic analysis on body weight at different ages in broiler chicken raised in commercial environment

A multivariate model was developed and used to estimate genetic parameters of body weight (BW) at 1–6 weeks of age of broilers raised in a commercial environment. The development of model was based on the predictive ability of breeding values evaluated from a cross-validation procedure that relied on half-sib correlation. The multivariate model accounted for heterogeneous variances between sexes through standardization applied to male and female BWs differently. It was found that the direct additive genetic, permanent environmental maternal and residual variances for BW increased drastically as broilers aged. The drastic increase in variances over weeks of age was mainly due to scaling effects. The ratio of the permanent environmental maternal variance to phenotypic variance decreased gradually with increasing age. Heritability of BW traits ranged from 0.28 to 0.33 at different weeks of age. The direct genetic effects on consecutive weekly BWs had high genetic correlations (0.85–0.99), but the genetic correlations between early and late BWs were low (0.32–0.57). The difference in variance components between sexes increased with increasing age. In conclusion, the permanent environmental maternal effect on broiler chicken BW decreased with increasing age from weeks 1 to 6. Potential bias of the model that considered identical variances for sexes could be reduced when heterogeneous variances between sexes are accounted for in the model.     

Behaviour and reproductive performance of Nigerian native chickens subjected to different mating ratios for a short term

To date, there is no reported standard mating ratio for Nigerian native chickens despite their large population in the country. This study investigated the effect of mating ratio on behaviour, semen quality and level of stress. Sixty-three (9 cocks and 54 hens) sexually matured birds were randomly assigned to three mating ratios (MR) of 1 cock to 3 hens (1C:3H), 1 cock to 6 hens (1C:6H) and 1 cock to 9 hens (1C:9H), and each MR was replicated three times. Each cock spent 2 weeks in a particular MR before it was moved to another. By the 6th week, all cocks had experienced the three mating ratios. Behaviour of the hens and sexual behaviour of the cocks were observed in the morning and evening, respectively, for 6 weeks. At the end of 2nd week in each MR, semen samples were collected and evaluated for motility, morphology, liveability and concentration, and blood samples were also taken from the cocks to determine the heterophil/lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, an indicator of stress. There was also no significant effect of mating ratio on the fertility of eggs and hatchability of the chicks. The number of hen–hen aggression instances, frequency of visits to the nest box and duration of nesting was not influenced by the mating ratio. However, the duration of nest seeking was higher at 1C:3H and lower at 1C:9H. A mating ratio of 1C:9H is therefore recommended for farmers interested in raising Nigerian native chickens.