兽用常温耐热型弱毒活疫苗的研究进展

常温耐热型弱毒活疫苗对预防畜禽疾病具有重要作用，对它的研究越来越多，尤其是耐热冻干保护剂。作者对耐热冻干保护剂的组成、作用机制、效能及畜禽疫病中的应用进行了介绍。     

Isolation and Identification of a Variant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Immune Efficacy of Its Inactivated Vaccine

This study was aimed to isolate a mutant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and prepare a PEDV inactivated vaccine with high valence by suspension culture process for immunizing against PEDV effectively in China.200 small intestines and theirs contents of diarrhea piglets died of diarrhea,collected from many large-scale pig farms in China,were detected by RT-PCR and sequenced,a mutant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was selected and put on the suspension-cultured Vero cells in a 2 L reactor for virus isolation and continuous cell culture,the harvested virus suspension,which was identified and determined TCID₅₀,was inactivated by formaldehyde and mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant to prepare PEDV inactivated vaccine.After its physical behavior,stability viscosity,sterility test were checked out,the safety and immune efficacy were studied by immunizing the pregnant pigs and theirs piglets.The results were as follows:86 samples were detected positive in 200 samples,cytopathy occurred after the mutant strain samples screened were passaged to 5th generation,the virus suspension was harvested in 10th generation and identified as a mutant strain of PEDV,named PEDV-GF10 strain.The virus titer of harvested virus suspension was measured up to 1×10^8.0 TCID₅₀/mL after concentrated.After the vaccine was checked out,the sows,40 and 25 days before delivery in experimental groups,were injected into Xuehai acupoint with 4 mL vaccine and the pigs in blank group were free of immunifications.The results showed that there were no obvious differences in the production status of the sows in experimental groups and blank group and the temperature of theirs 3-day-old healthy piglets injected different doses of vaccine,and the vaccine was safe to the sows and piglets.Forty 3-day-old piglets producted by pregnant sows in experimental groups and blank group were randomly selected and taken 4 mL 1×10^8.0TCID₅₀/mL F10 virus culture.The PEDV morbidity of piglets in blank group was 100% after injection and the antibodies were negative;10% piglets in blank group had mild diarrhea symptoms,the protection rate was up to 90%,antibody of passive immunity in piglets lasted for more than 35 days.Virus titer of mutant strain of PEDV-GF10 improved a lot by suspension cell culture,the PEDV-GF10 inactivated vaccine was safe,and could effectively prevent and control the variation strain of PEDV in China.     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒S与M基因融合表达载体及IRES连接双基因共表达载体的构建

目的:研究如何提高猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)中主要抗原基因S与M基因对猪传染性胃肠炎的免疫调节作用,进一步探究基因疫苗的有效开发途径。方法:通过两种方法应用牛β酪蛋白启动子构建S和M融合基因表达载体以及构建IRES连接M和S双基因共表达核酸疫苗载体。结论:成功构建好M和S融合基因表达载体及IRES连接的M和S双基因真核共表达载体,并为利用乳腺生物反应器生产可食性疫苗提供有效措施。     

Passive immunisation of neonatal lambs via colostrum and milk of ewes previously immunised with live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium protects neonatal lambs from experimental salmonellosis

Lambs sucking non-immunised ewes or ewes immunised 4-5 weeks before lambing with live attenuated, aromatic-dependent (aroA) Salmonella typhimurium (strain CS 332) were challenged orally at either 2, 4 or 7 days of age with virulent S. typhimurium (strain CS 94) at doses ranging from 10⁹ to 10¹³ colony forming units. No lambs displayed signs of clinical salmonellosis and all survived challenge but those sucking immunised ewes had organisms of the challenge strain in their faeces for much shorter periods of time than lambs of the control ewes. High titres of specific antibodies were measured in colostrum and milk of immunised ewes in comparison with very low titres measured in samples from control ewes; these differences were reflected by the titres of antibodies in the sera of corresponding lambs. At 2 days after lambing, the major antibody isotype in the colostrum of immunised ewes and sera of their lambs was IgM whereas at 7 days IgG1 was the predominant isotype. While it was clear that vaccination of pregnant ewes with the live attenuated vaccination conferred protection against experimentally-induced salmonellosis in their lambs, considerable protection was observed in control lambs in spite of there being very low titres of antibodies in the mammary secretion of their dams. The latter observation could be related to the presence of contain non-antibody potent bactericidal factors previously described in colostrum and milk.

Résumé

Des agneaux qui tètent des brebis non immunisées, ou bien immunisées, 4 à 5 semaines avant la mise bas avec un vaccin atténué constitué d'une souche de Salmonelle typhimurium dépendente pour sa croissance de la presence de composés aromatiques (souche aro A CS 332) ont reçu, à l'âge de 2, 4 ou 7 jours, par voie orale, des doses allant de 10⁹ à 10¹³ Salmonella (souche virulente CS 94). Aucun agneau n'a présenté de signes cliniques et tous ont survécu à cette administration, mais les agneaux des brebis immunisées ont excrété la souche d'épreuve dans leur fécès pendent moins longtemps que les agneaux des brebis non vaccinées. Des titres plus élevés d'anticorps sont détectés dans le colostrum et le lait des brebis vaccinées et comparés aux brebis témoins. Cette différence est également notée pour les titres d'anticorps présents dans le sérum des agneaux issus de brebis vaccinées ou non. Deux jours après la mise bas, la classe des anticorps majoritaires, tant au niveau du colostrum des brebis vaccinées que du sérum de leurs agneaux, est la classe des IgM, alors qu'après 7 jours, les IgG1 prédominent. Bien qu'il soit clair que des brebis pleines vaccinées à l'aide d'un vaccin vivant atténué, apportent à leurs agneaux une protection vis à vis d'une Salmonella expérimentale, une réelle protection est également observée chez les agneaux témoins, malgré les titres faibles d'anticorps présente dans les sécrétions mammaires de leur mères. Cette dernière observation peut être mise en rapport avec la présence d'agents bactériodes ne contenant pas d'anticorps, déjà décrits dans le colostrum et le lait.     

Detection of challenge virus in fetal tissues by nested PCR as a test of the potency of a porcine parvovirus vaccine

To estimate the potency of a porcine parvovirus (PPV) vaccine, three vaccinated and three non-vaccinated pregnant gilts were infected with PPV and the distribution of the virus was studied in the tissues of their 51 fetuses. Virus detection was attempted using haemagglutination (HA) and immunofluorescence (IF) assays, as well as by standard (single) and nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR). None of the detection methods yielded positive results when used to test for the presence of virus in suspensions of organs from the fetuses from the vaccinated gilts. However, the virus was detected in the fetuses from non-vaccinated gilts as follows: HA was positive in 14 cases out of 23 (60.8%), IF in 16/23 (69.5%), standard PCR in 12/20 (60%), and the nested PCR in 19/23 (82.6%). Although the correlation among the results of various methods of virus detection was rather close (r<0.83), the sensitivity of the nested PCR was the highest, both when testing dilutions of PPV and when analysing the fetal organs. The nested PCR therefore provides a reliable approach for studies of virus distribution in fetal organs, with special reference to potency tests on vaccines.     

H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的研制

以H5N1亚型禽流感病毒接种鸡胚，收取鸡胚液为抗原研制了禽流感灭活疫苗，并对制苗抗原以及疫苗的物理性状、安全性、免疫效力、免疫剂量和保护期等进行了试验。结果表明，获得了较高效价的制苗抗原．灭活前后HA分别为2^10.0-11.0和2^9.0-10.0。试制疫苗物理性状符合要求，安全性良好。试验鸡在免疫14d后血清抗体达到2^7.5，210d血清HI抗体仍维持在2^5.0左右；免疫后18d使用高致病性H5亚型禽流感病毒攻毒，获得100％的保护。分别使用0．1，0．3和0．5mL免疫鸡，发现0．3～0．5mL剂量组免疫后血清抗体达到2^7.4-8.0。疫苗在2～8℃保存540d，疫苗物理性状没有改变，免疫后血清HI抗体可以达到2^7.5。这提示研制的疫苗可以有效控制禽流感H5亚型的流行。     

水稻直播生产现状及发展对策

通过对安庆市水稻种植方式的系统调查发现,直播面积约占水稻种植面积的40%,机插秧面积占35%～40%,抛秧和人工手栽面积占20%～25%,其中种植大户主要是直播和机插秧,一般农户手栽和抛秧所占比例较大。本文分析了其种植成本、效益、生产上存在的问题,并提出了发展对策,以期为水稻直播生产提供参考。     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌贵州流行株蜂胶灭活疫苗制备

【目的】制备鸭疫里默氏杆菌(Riemerella anatipestifer,RA)贵州流行株蜂胶灭活疫苗。【方法】选取RA血清2型贵州流行株(RA-SS-8株)为基础菌株,依次利用分光光度法和平板计数法测定细菌生长曲线,再进行灭活条件筛选,以蜂胶为佐剂制备RA贵州流行株蜂胶灭活疫苗,并进行无菌检验、安全性检验及免疫鸭攻毒保护性试验。【结果】分光光度法测定RA-SS-8株菌液D_{600 nm}值随培养时间变化显示,细菌在0~3 h时增殖缓慢,在3~10 h时增殖趋势明显加快,在10 h以后增殖逐渐趋于平缓,随着培养时间的延长,细菌最终进入衰亡期;平板计数法结果显示,RA-SS-8株D_{600 nm}值为0.1~0.8时,该菌处于对数生长期,且D_{600 nm}值与活菌数呈现良好的线性关系;RA-SS-8株最佳灭活条件为0.2%甲醛溶液、37 ℃灭活12 h;蜂胶灭活疫苗含菌量为3.8×10⁹ CFU/mL,蜂胶干物质含量为10 mg/mL;无菌检验巧克力琼脂培养基上未见菌落生长;安全性检验以2倍免疫剂量接种雏鸭在观察期内未表现出不良反应,大体病变观察未见明显病变;免疫鸭攻毒保护性试验显示,蜂胶灭活疫苗免疫组鸭对RA-SS-8株的攻击后保护率为70%,蜂胶灭活疫苗对试验鸭心脏、肝脏组织均具有良好的保护效果。【结论】本研究成功制备了RA贵州流行株蜂胶灭活疫苗,为蜂胶灭活疫苗制备和动物免疫试验奠定基础。     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后免疫保护效应及其机理研究

 雏鸡 1日龄人工感染鸡贫血病毒 (CAV) ,于 8日龄接种 L asota疫苗 ,免疫后 2 8d进行新城疫强毒 (v NDV)攻击 ,以同龄未感染 CAV和用 L asota疫苗免疫并经 v NDV攻毒雏鸡为对照 ,检测其免疫保护效应 ,胸腺和脾脏 T细胞数量及 T细胞增殖反应 ,法氏囊和脾脏 Ig G+、Ig M+、Ig A+抗体生成细胞数量 ,血清免疫球蛋白 Ig G、Ig M、Ig A含量 ,血凝抑制抗体 (HI)滴度等。结果表明 ,CAV人工感染并用新城疫 (ND)疫苗免疫雏鸡经 v NDV攻击后的免疫保护率为 6 0 % ,对照组雏鸡 v NDV攻击后免疫保护率为 10 0 % ,胸腺和脾脏 T细胞数量和 T细胞增殖反应、法氏囊和脾脏Ig G+ 、Ig M+ 、Ig A+ 抗体生成细胞数量、血清 Ig G、Ig M、Ig A含量及 HI抗体滴度 ,均较对照组雏鸡显著降低。说明感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后的免疫保护效应及免疫功能明显降低。