农业机械手钳的人机安全设计

分析了应用较为普遍的农业机械工具—农业手钳的人机安全学设计因素,并通过实验计算得出以人机工程学为基础的手钳的参数设计。主要从人机工程学的角度出发,通过分析手钳在使用时的舒适度和把手尺寸,以评估设计的合理性。同时,分别针对男女群体正态分布的第5百分位、第5 0百分位和第9 5百分位的测量数据进行手柄设计和尺寸评估,得出农业机械手钳的科学合理性尺寸设计。     

不同过滤方式下沉积在滴灌带中的颗粒粒度分布研究

水源中的固体颗粒在灌溉过程中随着水流沉积在滴灌管(带)中并引起滴灌系统的堵塞。利用田间灌溉用过的滴灌带作为研究对象.选用了堵塞明显的与堵塞不明显的两类滴灌带,每一种滴灌带从进口分为5段,取出每一段的泥沙颗粒利用激光粒度分布仪对沉积在滴灌带中的颗粒粒度进行分析。分析结果得出:不管滴灌带是否堵塞,较大颗粒都沉积在第2~4段,第1、5段的颗粒粒径相对较小。由于挟沙能力随水流流速迅速减小,在第2、3段的滴头被堵塞的可能性较大。从不同的过滤方式对比分析得出:单独的网式过滤器不能作为滴灌系统的过滤设备,两级网式过滤器可有效减小滤后水中颗粒的粒径。     

喷微灌产品计量与计数抽样方案比较分析

在相同的厂方风险和使用方风险下,以旋转式喷头流量一致性指标的抽样检验为例,开展了喷微灌产品计量与计数抽样检验方案的可比较分析.结果表明,在一般检验水平Ⅱ下,与利用计数抽样标准获得的样本数量相比,当样本批量大于等于91时,基于计量抽样方案得到的样本数量降低率E在s和σ方法下分别为25.0%～43.4%和56.0%～67.6%,较大样本批量下采用计量抽样检验获得的样本数量减少效果更趋明显.对同时满足计数和计量抽样检验条件的喷微灌产品指标而言,应尽量采用计量抽样检验方案,达到减少样本抽样数量、降低检验成本的目的.     

脉冲式烟雾水雾机热力雾化水剂农药效果分析

针对脉冲式烟雾水雾机在喷施水雾剂农药时常出现滴液、流液或较大雾滴群等雾化不良现象,通过改装6HYW-60S型脉冲式烟雾水雾机,将药液流量设置成可调的测试装置,设定5个油门开度及4个药液流量,测试了脉冲发动机喷药前后的气流速度、温度及各喷药工况下的雾滴粒径分布。结果表明,在最小的油门启动开度到最大的油门工作开度可调范围内,对应的脉冲发动机燃油消耗率变化范围较小（相对变化13.0%）,喷管内对应的气流温度与速度也发生同等程度的变化。喷药时,喷管口处的气流温度与速度发生明显变化,由不喷药时约700℃的高温气流下降为75℃左右的雾滴流,相应的气流速度下降了16%左右;油门开度及药液流量对雾滴流温度的影响非常小,但对雾滴流速度的影响非常明显,油门开度增大,雾滴流速度明显增加,药液流量增大,雾滴流速度明显下降。在各油门开度下,对最小药液流量20L/h的雾化效果均不佳,尤其距喷雾出口较近处存在大量的300μm以上的较大雾滴,这些大雾滴极易跌落至地面,无法有效喷施到目标物上;药液流量增大至40L/h及以上时,各油门开度下的雾滴体积中径均较小,同一工况下各位置点的平均值不超过60μm。热力雾化的雾滴粒径分布曲线不是单一峰值的正态分布形态,常会出现不同中心雾滴粒径的雾滴群,且这些雾滴群的中心雾滴粒径基本保持一致。从喷雾出口喷出的雾滴流中,喷管中心轴线上的雾滴细小均匀、雾化充分,中心轴线上方的雾滴一般比中心点处稍大,中心轴线下方雾滴明显增大,且距中心轴线越远的下方,雾滴增大越明显,即雾滴流中较大雾滴群的量逐渐增加。以药液流量60L/h及油门开度90°为最佳雾化工况,在整个喷施区域内均形成了良好的雾化效果。     

神经网络和模糊逻辑在农业机械制造中的应用

农业机械制造技术与一般机械制造技术相比,具有特殊性。如今大多数农机企业的技术跟不上先进机械制造技术的发展,农业机械制造技术比较落后。为此,将动态神经网络和模糊逻辑技术应用在农业机械加工制造中,能够很好地预测和控制工件的尺寸与形状,大大提高了加工精度。为此,以农业机械的轴类零件为例,建立了纵向磨削的Elman动态神经网络尺寸预测模型,采用论域自调整策略和模糊自适应控制理论,建立了纵向磨削的自适应控制模型,选择工作台的进给速度作为控制变量。仿真和实验结果表明,所建立的神经网络尺寸预测模型和模糊自适应控制模型是正确的。     

The impact of increasing farm size and mechanization on rural income and rice production in Zhejiang province,China

Economic growth in China’s agricultural sector lags behind growth in industry and services, creating an ever widening rural–urban income gap. Development of the non-agricultural sectors offers new opportunities for farmers in China’s more advanced provinces such as Zhejiang. Increased income in the urban sector creates markets for new products, and migrating farmers rent their land to those staying. Until now, the prevailing rice-based systems have been managed mainly using manual labour and animal traction, but the larger farms resulting from migration may facilitate, or even require mechanization. In this study, we use a simulation model of the farm household to analyse the effects of increasing farm size and the transition from rice to vegetable production, while also studying the effects of mechanization.     

适宜机播深度及覆土厚度提高苦荞幼苗素质

为探索西南丘陵山区苦荞机械播种的可行性和提高机械播种质量的农艺措施,该试验研究了播深(2,4,6 cm)和覆土(不覆土为对照)对苦荞幼苗性状的影响。结果表明,播种深度对苦荞幼苗性状影响最大,4 cm播深有利于培育苦荞壮苗,播深2 cm时表现为出苗率差、基本苗和成苗率低,根系活力、茎粗小、干物质量、单株叶面积及叶绿素含量下降,而播深6 cm时地中茎过长导致出苗率下降,株高、干物质量、单株叶面积、茎粗和叶绿素含量均降低;覆土有利于提高苦荞的出苗率和根系活力,干物质量增加,地中茎适度增长,幼苗素质较不覆土高。苦荞幼苗各性状主成分分析表明,各播深处理条件下苦荞幼苗性状差异较大,覆土加剧了各处理间的分异程度。在机械播种后进行苦荞幼苗素质评价时,应选择株高、根系活力、总干物质量、根干物质量、茎粗、单株叶面积、地中茎长度适中和子叶节长度等指标,能够准确地反映苦荞幼苗素质。综合可知,采用4 cm播深和覆土最有利于提高苦荞幼苗的素质。     

Evaluating the efficiency of sampling methods in assessing soil macrofauna communities in arable systems

The soil fauna is often a neglected group in many large-scale studies of farmland biodiversity due to difficulties in extracting organisms efficiently from the soil. This study assesses the relative efficiency of the simple and cheap sampling method of handsorting against Berlese–Tullgren funnel and Winkler apparatus extraction. Soil cores were taken from grassy arable field margins and wheat fields in Cambridgeshire, UK, and the efficiencies of the three methods in assessing the abundances and species densities of soil macroinvertebrates were compared. Handsorting in most cases was as efficient at extracting the majority of the soil macrofauna as the Berlese–Tullgren funnel and Winkler bag methods, although it underestimated the species densities of the woodlice and adult beetles. There were no obvious biases among the three methods for the particular vegetation types sampled and no significant differences in the size distributions of the earthworms and beetles. Proportionally fewer damaged earthworms were recorded in larger (25 × 25 cm) soil cores when compared with smaller ones (15 × 15 cm). Handsorting has many benefits, including targeted extraction, minimum disturbance to the habitat and shorter sampling periods and may be the most appropriate method for studies of farmland biodiversity when a high number of soil cores need to be sampled.     

细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器堵塞的影响

为探明细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器抗堵塞性能的影响,该文以内镶片式斜齿形迷宫流道灌水器为研究对象,应用类短周期堵塞测验方法对8种粒径小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒进行浑水测试。在此基础上,分析了泥沙粒径和含沙量对灌水器堵塞的影响,探讨引起灌水器发生堵塞时的敏感粒径范围与含沙量水平。试验结果表明:对于粒径小于0.1 mm的细小颗粒,含沙量是引起灌水器堵塞的主要原因,当浑水含沙量水平大于1.25 g/L时,影响尤其显著,呈正相关关系;粒径对堵塞的影响并不是单调的递增或递减,堵塞发生的敏感粒径范围在0.03～0.04 mm之间。试验结果有助于进一步提高含沙水源滴灌的应用水平。     

中国亚热带两种竹林凋落物输入量、凋落物分解和养分释放动态

Bamboos are one of the fast-growing and multiple use species in the world, and thus bamboo forests/plantations play an important role in C sequestration at regional and global levels. We studied aboveground litterfall, litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics for two years in two subtropical bamboo ecosystems in Southwest China so as to test the hypothesis that litter quality determine the rate and nutrient dynamics during decomposition of different litter fractions. Mean annual total aboveground litter production ranged from 494 to 434 g m-2 in two bamboo stands （P stand, dominated by Pleioblastus amarus and H stand, hybrid bamboo dominated by Bambusa pervariabilis x Dendrocalamopsis daii）. Bulk （-80%） of litter production was contributed by leaf litter in two stands followed by twigs and sheathes. Different litter fractions represented considerable variations in the rates of mass loss and nutrient release. Variation of the mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition was significantly explained by initial C/N ratio and initial P concentration. Initial concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg explained 57.9%, 95.0%, 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively, of the variations of these elements mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition. The patterns of nutrient dynamics and the final amount remaining were mainly determined by their initial litter substrate quality in tl~ese two subtropical bamboo plantations.