海拔和坡向对色季拉山高山杜鹃凋落物分解的影响

为探究高寒森林凋落物在不同海拔和坡向的分解动态,以西藏色季拉山的高山杜鹃（Rhododendron simsii）凋落物为研究对象,在色季拉山设置3 500、3 700、3 900、4 100 m等4个梯度海拔以及西北坡（阴坡）和东南坡（阳坡）2个坡向,开展为期2年的凋落物掩埋试验,采用Olson模型明晰凋落物的降解规律,并结合木质纤维素的质量损失和土壤理化性质探究影响凋落物分解的因素。结果表明：不同海拔和坡向凋落物质量残留率均随分解时间增加而下降,分解2年后不同海拔的质量残留率为36.65%～75.99%;凋落物分解速度基本呈阴坡大于阳坡的趋势,其中海拔3 700 m阳坡处分解速度最快、半衰期和周转期最短;木质纤维素的质量损失也基本呈阴坡大于阳坡的趋势,且木质素分解程度最大,对凋落物质量损失的贡献超过50%;土壤中碳氮磷钾营养元素含量主要受坡向和凋落物分解时间的影响,在不同海拔间差异较小;海拔、坡向、分解时间及其交互作用均对凋落物分解有显著影响（P<0.01）,土壤含水率和碳氮比也是影响凋落物分解的重要因素。本研究可为高寒森林凋落物分解规律及影响因素提供理论依据。     

部分高油玉米自交系主要性状的初步鉴定

通过对15个高油玉米自交系生育期、植株性状、产量性状及品质性状的初步分析,结果表明,15个高油系籽粒的脂肪、蛋白质含量高于黑龙江省普通玉米自交系,其中脂肪含量极显著高于普通自交系,淀粉含量极显著低于普通玉米自交系.除BY843、BY815生育期偏晚以外,其它高油系能够适应黑龙江省种植.多数高油系的自身产量接近普通玉米自交系,可以直接利用或者作为种质资源间接利用.大部分高油系的株高、穗位偏高,需进一步改良.     

Effects of body size and water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation

To investigate the effects of body size and water temperature on feeding and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), the maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy (C_maxe; J day^?1) and the specific growth rate in terms of energy (SGRe; % day^?1) in animals of three body sizes (mean±SE) – large (134.0±3.5 g), medium (73.6±2.2 g) and small (36.5±1.2 g) – were determined at water temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy increased and SGRe decreased with increasing body weight at 10, 15 and 20°C. This trend, however, was not apparent at 25 and 30°C, which could be influenced by aestivation. High water temperatures (above 20°C) were disadvantageous to feeding and growth of this animal; SGRe of A. japonicus during aestivation was negative. The optimum temperatures for food consumption and for growth were similar and were between 14 and 15°C, and body size seemed to have a slight effect on the optimal temperature for food consumption or growth. Because aestivation of A. japonicus was temperature dependent, the present paper also documented the threshold temperatures to aestivation as indicated by feeding cessation. Deduced from daily food consumption of individuals, the threshold temperature to aestivation for large and medium animals (73.3–139.3 g) was 24.5?25.5°C, while that for small animals (28.9–40.7 g) was between 25.5 and 30.5°C. These values are higher than previous reports; differences in sign of aestivation, experimental condition and dwelling district of test animals could be the reasons.     

Observations on growth, sexual maturity and spawning performance of pond-reared Penaeus merguiensis

This 12‐month preliminary study investigated the development of sexual characters, primary sexual maturity, ovarian maturity and spawning performance of pond‐reared Penaeus merguiensis in relation to culture conditions in south‐east Queensland, Australia. Post‐larvae of P. merguiensis were produced and cultured in two 60‐m³ tanks during the first 14 weeks. Before winter, they were harvested and stocked in three different overwintering facilities: a 200‐m² covered pond, two 60‐m³ outdoor tanks and a 15‐m³ indoor, recirculated tank at a stocking density of 10 individuals m^?2. The development of sexual characters was found to be similar to that reported previously in wild P. merguiensis. Males matured at younger ages and smaller sizes than females. Overall, the average size at primary sexual maturity of pond‐reared P. merguiensis was 23.1 mm carapace length for males (possessed spermatophores) and 29.3 mm for females (being impregnated). Water temperature and the availability of natural food strongly influenced prawn growth, maturity rate and their subsequent spawning performance. Growth, maturity rate and spawning performance of prawns in the covered pond were significantly higher than in the other overwintering facilities. Prawns started mating at 6–7 months, reached full ovarian maturation and spawned as early as about 8 (peaked at 9–11) months from hatching, producing high fecundity and viable larvae. There was a strong relationship (P < 0.001) between prawn size and fecundity. The results of this study suggest a potential for using pond‐reared broodstock P. merguiensis for hatchery production and for domestication or selective breeding programmes.     

基于标记系谱的红鳍东方鲀生长性状遗传分析

利用分子标记辅助家系选育进行红鳍东方鲀生长性状的遗传评估,由红鳍东方鲀基础群体中选择性腺发育良好的雌雄亲本各11尾建立全同胞家系11个,每个全同胞家系随机采集10尾个体组建全同胞家系群体,从混合培育的家系中选择相对较大的个体400尾组建混合选育群体。在红鳍东方鲀遗传连锁图谱上挑选44个均匀分布于22个连锁群上的微卫星DNA标记,每个连锁群有2个标记。全同胞家系群体的遗传分析结果显示,10个高亲本排除概率微卫星标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.58~0.662和0.736~0.797,14个低亲本排除概率标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.054~0.43和0.177~0.608,剩余20个中等亲本排除概率标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.467~0.575和0.641~0.732。利用拥有高亲本排除概率的微卫星DNA标记进行混合选育群体的亲权鉴定,结果显示:不同父母本繁殖产生的子代数量存在明显差异,父本M2和母本F4产生了124个子代,占子代个体总数的32.89%。根据亲权鉴定结果建立的系谱估计主要生长性状的遗传参数,不同日龄的体质量和体长遗传力估计值为0.17~0.21和0.15~0.18。研究表明,利用具有高亲本排除概率的微卫星DNA标记能够有效建立红鳍东方鲀系谱,进行生长性状的遗传参数估计,分子标记辅助家系选育可以作为红鳍东方鲀目标性状遗传改良的新方法。     

Tailoring codend mesh size to improve the size selectivity of undifferentiated trawl species

Tiger flathead, Neoplatycephalus richardsoni (Castelnau), and sand flathead, Platycephalus bassensis Cuvier, are undifferentiated and managed with a common legal minimum length (LML). The Commonwealth Trawl Sector (CTS) and the Tasmanian Danish‐seine fishery (TDSF) use a minimum codend mesh sizes of 90 and 70 mm, respectively. The codend mesh size should be tailored to the LML, which is based on the length of first maturity of females (M₅₀). This study found the length–girth relationship of N. richardsoni and P. bassensis was not significantly different. Using the covered codend method, these two species had 50% retention lengths (L₅₀) of 294 ± 2 and 307 ± 3 mm, in 70‐mm and 90‐mm codends, respectively. L₅₀ estimates for mesh sizes from this study and others produced a curvilinear relationship: y = 120 ln(x) ? 214, with an r² of 0.8504. The size at maturity (M₅₀) for female N. richardsoni was 337 mm, which is larger than the estimate for female P. bassensis (247 mm). There is a mismatch between the estimates of L_50, the estimates of M₅₀ and the LMLs in each fishery, leading to suboptimal exploitation of female Platycephalus. The model produced in this paper recommends a codend mesh size of 98 mm for both fisheries to exploit Platycephalus species sustainably.     

胶州湾鱼类生物量粒径谱特征

为了解胶州湾海域鱼类群落粒径结构特征,本研究根据2016-2017年4次底拖网调查数据构建了胶州湾鱼类生物量粒径谱,比较分析了各季节鱼类生物量粒径谱特征参数的异质性。结果显示,胶州湾Sheldon型鱼类生物量粒径谱呈现单峰模式,鱼类粒径范围为-3~10粒径级,粒径分布相对均匀,且峰值位于5~6粒径级,主要由大泷六线鱼和褐菖鲉等小型鱼类构成。各季节鱼类标准化生物量粒径谱曲率和曲度差异显著,其中春季曲率最大且曲线较平缓,夏季曲率最小且曲线相对陡峭。谱线曲度和曲率的季节变化主要与粒径小的细纹狮子鱼、大泷六线鱼、玉筋鱼及长丝虾虎鱼等地方常栖性种类和赤鼻棱鳀、白姑鱼等季节洄游性种类的出现有关。Abundance-biomass comparison(ABC)曲线表明,春季处于未干扰状态,冬季处于中度干扰状态,夏秋季处于严重干扰状态。研究表明,胶州湾鱼类群落总体处于严重干扰状态,鱼类生物量谱呈现单峰型,粒径结构以小型粒径鱼类为主,且地方常栖性和季节洄游性鱼类等补充群体的数量和粒径大小影响鱼类生物量粒径谱的峰型和曲率。     

牙鲆体质量与形态性状的异速生长分析

为分析牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)体质量与形态性状之间异速生长的遗传规律,通过人工受精的方法建立牙鲆19个全同胞家系,测量了牙鲆不同日龄的体质量和形态性状。采用逐步回归方法建立最优联合异速生长模型,将此模型镶嵌到体质量动物模型的每个遗传和环境效应中,进一步分析对多个形态性状异速生长遗传规律。静态异速生长分析表明:体质量与全长之间存在最大异速生长指数(1.415 5),表现为正异速生长,剩余形态性状与体质量之间的异速生长指数为0.061 5~0.718 0,皆表现为负异速生长。全长与尾柄高之间异速生长指数的正遗传相关最大(0.907 8);全长与尾柄长之间的负遗传相关最大(-0.946 8)。不同模型通过统计标准比较,确定模型Ⅰ为进行牙鲆动态异速生长分析的最优随机回归模型。     

南太平洋延绳钓长鳍金枪鱼生物学组成及其与栖息环境关系

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)经济价值高,是我国延绳钓渔业重要的目标鱼种。根据2013年9月~2014年1月和2014年4~8月我国金枪鱼观察员在南太平洋东部海域收集的长鳍金枪鱼样本和海洋环境数据,对其生物学组成和栖息环境进行了研究。结果表明:叉长(FL,cm)与体质量(WW,kg)的关系为:WW=3×10-5×FL2.909 9(雌雄性,R2=0.915 3);体长(TL,cm)与叉长(FL,cm)关系为:TL=1.033 6FL+2.555(R2=0.961 4);叉长(FL,cm)与两背鳍间距(LD1D2,cm)的关系为:LD1D2=0.248 5FL+1.238 1(R2=0.815 1);利用各水层长鳍金枪鱼渔获率(catch per unit effort,CPUE)推测其主要的栖息水层为150~270 m,栖息水层温度范围16~22℃,盐度范围35.0~35.6,其中最高资源丰度主要分布在190~230 m的水层,对应的温度为18~20℃,盐度为35.2~35.4。研究结果可为掌握南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼栖息环境提供基础数据。     

Distribution and habitat characteristics of three sympatric cetacean species in the coastal waters of Matang,Perak, Peninsular Malaysia

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