Nutritional evaluation of two marine microalgae as feedstock for aquafeed

Using microalgae for animal nutrition provides an economically viable route for microalgae‐based technological innovation, especially in combination with CO₂ fixation given current global warming. However, this technology still lacks sufficient evaluation for screening microalgae for specific animals; meanwhile, current studies show some prejudice regarding ‘essential’ or ‘non‐essential’ ingredients. The results show that Dunaliella salina and Nannochloropsis salina were able to accumulate high protein (30%–57%) and lipid (20%–46%) content without affecting the performance of CO₂ fixation, which reached 0.28 and 0.23 g L^?1 day^?1 respectively. Both species exhibited high quality of lipids and proteins for Penaeus monodon based on the profiling. The essential fatty acid indexes (EFAI) for N. salina and D. salina were 3.81 and 9.02 respectively. Butyric acid was found to be present in both D. salina (12.03%) and N. salina (4.87%) based on the total fatty acids (FAs). The essential amino acid indexes (EAAI) for D. salina and N. salina were 2.23 and 1.29 respectively. Arginine was the most abundant essential amino acid (EAA) in both D. salina (10.83%) and N. salina (13.35%) on the basis of total amino acids (AAs). This study comprehensively compares the nutritional quality of the two commercial marine microalgae of D. salina and N. salina with the potential to be used as sustainable sources of lipids and proteins to reduce or even replace the traditional fish oil and fish meal in aquafeeds.     

茶多酚对大菱鲆生长、抗氧化能力及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响

为了研究饲料中添加茶多酚对大菱鲆生长、抗氧化能力及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响,以初始体质量为(13.51+0.31) g的大菱鲆幼鱼为实验对象,设计4组添加不同梯度茶多酚(0%、0.01%、0.02%和0.05%,干重添加量分别为0、100、200和500 mg/kg)的等氮等脂实验饲料,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。结果显示:①与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.01%～0.02%茶多酚显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼增重率(WGR);饲料效率(FE)随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而升高,但各组间差异不显著;随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高,大菱鲆肝体比(HSI)呈降低趋势,且显著低于对照组;②鱼体组成分析表明,投喂添加茶多酚饲料组大菱鲆鱼体和肝脏粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势,且在茶多酚添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时达到最低值,显著低于对照组;③与对照组相比,投喂添加茶多酚饲料组大菱鲆血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著升高,且各添加组间差异不显著;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随茶多酚的添加水平升高呈先升高后降低趋势,且在添加水平为0.02%时显著高于对照组;血清丙二醛(MDA)含量随茶多酚添加水平升高而降低,且在添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时显著低于对照组;④大菱鲆肝脏固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)表达量随着饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而降低,且在添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时达到最低值,显著低于对照组;脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)表达量随茶多酚添加水平的升高呈先降低后升高趋势,且在添加水平为0.02%时显著低于对照组;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)表达量变化趋势与FAS相反,且在添加水平为0.02%时达到最高值。肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶1(CPT1)表达量随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而升高,显著高于对照组,且各添加组间差异不显著。研究表明,高脂饲料中添加茶多酚能促进大菱鲆生长、降低肝脏脂肪过度沉积并提高血清抗氧化能力,高脂饲料中添加0.02%茶多酚是大菱鲆幼鱼生长的最适添加量。     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition and glucose metabolism of fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala

This study aimed to investigate the optimum dietary carbohydrate/lipid (CHO/L) ratio for fingerling blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala (average initial weight: 6.61 ± 0.03 g). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain various CHO/L ratios ranging from 1.62 to 24.20. Each diet was tested in four replicates for 10 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio and nitrogen and energy retention all improved significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased from 24.20 to 5.64 but showed little difference (P > 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios ranged from 2.45 to 5.64. Hepatosomatic index increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios increased, whereas intraperitoneal fat ratio showed an opposite trend (P < 0.05). Opposite to moisture content, lipid content of whole body and carcass all increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary CHO/L ratios decreased. Liver lipid content showed little difference (P > 0.05) among all the treatments, while liver glycogen content increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing CHO/L ratios. High dietary carbohydrate enhanced the activities of liver hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase but did not induce hyperglycaemia. Based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, the optimal dietary carbohydrate and lipid contents for fingerling blunt snout bream were 291.7 and 81.4 g kg⁻¹, respectively, with a corresponding dietary CHO/L ratio of 3.58.     

Effect of pH on Structural Changes in Perch Hemoglobin that Can Alter Redox Stability and Heme Affinity

pH can be manipulated to alter the oxidative stability of fish-based foods during storage. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the ability of reduced pH to cause structural changes in fish hemoglobins that lead to enhanced oxidative degradation. Decreasing pH from 8.0 to 6.3 and 5.7 created a large channel for solvent entry into the heme crevice of perch hemoglobin beta chains. The proton-induced opening of this channel occurred between site CD3 and the heme-6-propionate. Solvent entry into the heme crevice can enhance metHb formation and hemin loss, processes that accelerate lipid oxidation. Reduced pH also decreased the distance between Ile at E11 in one of the alpha chains and the ligand above the heme iron atom. This sterically displaces O₂ and protonated O₂ which increases metHb formation. These studies demonstrate that pH reduction causes structural changes in perch hemoglobin which increase oxidative degradation of the heme pigment.     

土霉素固体脂质纳米粒在家兔体内的药代动力学研究

【目的】研究土霉素固体脂质纳米粒在家兔体内的药代动力学特征,以评价其应用效果。【方法】将10只家兔随机分为2组,分别按土霉素剂量20mg/kg腹腔注射土霉素固体脂质纳米粒和土霉素注射液,于设定的时间点采血,用HPLC法测定血浆药物质量浓度,并用DAS3.1.0药动学程序计算药代动力学参数。【结果】土霉素注射液与固体脂质纳米粒的达峰质量浓度(Cmax)分别为(3.676±0.376)和(3.699±0.562)mg/L;吸收平衰期(T1/2Ka)分别为(18.570±0.851)和(27.871±1.767)h;0-∞时段药时曲线下的面积(AUC(0-∞))分别为(83.955±3.720)和(170.150±10.403)mg/(L·h);0-∞时段的平均滞留时间(MRT(0-∞))分别为(36.848±0.268)和(44.672±0.392)h。【结论】土霉素制备成固体脂质纳米粒后,具有明显的缓释作用,血药质量浓度达峰值的时间推迟,同时药物在兔体内平均滞留时间明显长于土霉素注射液,生物利用度得以显著提高。     

两种中药成分对肉鸡脂质代谢的影响

【目的】探讨日粮中分别添加山楂叶总黄酮、何首乌二苯乙烯苷及二者同时添加对肉鸡屠宰性能、血清生化指标及脂质代谢相关功能基因表达的影响。【方法】选用1日龄AA肉鸡128只（雄）,随机分为4个处理组,即空白对照组（饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮）、Ⅰ组（在日粮中添加300 mg•kg-1山楂叶总黄酮）、Ⅱ组（在日粮中添加150 mg•kg-1何首乌二苯乙烯苷）和Ⅲ组（在日粮中添加300 mg•kg-1山楂叶总黄酮和150 mg•kg-1何首乌二苯乙烯苷）。每组4个重复,每个重复8只。【结果】①与对照组相比,Ⅰ组的全净膛率、血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、肝脏组织中过氧化物酶增生物激活受体α和肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶-Ⅰ的表达量均显著升高（P＜0.05）;腹脂率、血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、肝脏组织中固醇调节元伴结合蛋白-1、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶、脂肪酸合成酶的表达量均显著降低（P＜0.05）。②与对照组相比,Ⅱ组的屠宰率、血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、游离脂肪酸、肝脏组织中过氧化物酶增生物激活受体α和肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶-Ⅰ的表达量均显著升高（P＜0.05）;腹脂率、血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、肝脏组织中固醇调节元伴结合蛋白-1、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶、脂肪酸合成酶的表达量均显著降低（P＜0.05）。③Ⅲ组的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和皮下脂肪厚均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;屠宰率、全净膛率显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）;腿肌率显著高于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）;腹脂率显著低于对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）。血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均显著低于对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）;血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、游离脂肪酸、总蛋白、白蛋白均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、游离脂肪酸显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）;肝脏组织中的过氧化物酶增生物激活受体α、肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶-Ⅰ、脂蛋白酯酶表达量与对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组相比,显著升高（P＜0.05）;固醇调节元伴结合蛋白-1、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶、脂肪酸合成酶表达量与对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组相比,均显著降低（P＜0.05）。【结论】日粮中单独或同时添加山楂叶总黄酮和何首乌二苯乙烯苷能提高肝脏组织中过氧化物酶增生物激活受体α、肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶-Ⅰ、脂蛋白酯酶 mRNA表达,降低肝脏组织中S固醇调节元伴结合蛋白-1、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶、脂肪酸合成酶 mRNA表达,改善血清脂质代谢相关生化指标,提高肉鸡的屠宰性能。且以二者同时添加的效果最好。     

模拟低温胁迫对活性氧代谢保护酶系统的影响--以长叶竹柏(Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel)幼苗为例

为了探讨低温胁迫对长叶竹柏幼苗活性氧代谢保护酶系统的影响,选取长叶竹柏的2龄幼苗为试验材料。模拟零上和零下低温胁迫进行研究。试验结果表明,低温胁迫下。特别是在温度过低和骤冷时,细胞膜脂过氧化作用加剧,细胞膜的选择透性受到伤害,电解质大量外渗,电导率增大。同时,SOD,CAT和POD活性及膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量的测定表明,程度不大的低温胁迫不会对植物造成严重的膜脂过氧化伤害,部分原因可能是SOD,CAT和POD活性的协调一致性。只有极低温,如-10℃,-20℃下,细胞膜才会发生严重的膜脂过氧化作用。     

干旱胁迫对番茄活性氧代谢的影响

干旱胁迫导致番茄叶片ＲＷＣ、Ｃｈｌ和可溶性蛋白质含量下降，质膜透性和ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性提高．短期干旱胁迫可提高叶片ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性．４ｄ以内的干旱胁迫后复水，ＲＷＣ、Ｃｈｌ和可溶性蛋白质含量升高，清除活性氧保护酶ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ和ＣＡＴ的活性显著提高，抗氧化物质ＡｓＡ和ＧＳＨ的水平得到恢复，ＭＤＡ得到清除，自动氧化速率降低，重新建立了活性氧产生与清除的平衡系统，ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性降低，膜系统的损伤得到修复，透性降低，恢复了原有正常的生理代谢机能．长期干旱胁迫导致叶片清除活性氧的平衡体系受到破坏，ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性以及ＡｓＡ和ＧＳＨ的含量下降，膜脂过氧化加剧，自动氧化速率提高，ＭＤＡ积累，影响番茄正常代谢，从而加速衰老进程     

Aloe vera long-term saline irrigation increases contents of hydrogen peroxide,lipid peroxidation and phenolic compounds

Salt stress is more and more becoming a serious problem in the world especially if we consider its damaging effect on the plant growth and yield. The cultivation of medicinal plants, such as Aloe vera, might be an alternative for the saline water use and salt-affected soils occupation. Aloe vera, commonly known as aloe, is one of the primary medicinal plants with multipurpose applications going from pharmaceutical to cosmetic aspects with a promising economic return. Aloe plants were cultivated and irrigated, for 14 months, with drinking water (C0) and with two levels of salt (C1 and C2). Changes in growth, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), lipid peroxidation and phenolic compounds were examined in leaves at harvest. Depressive effects of salt irrigation on the plant growth parameters and a perturbation in inorganic ion contents were found especially with a high level of salt in the irrigation water. The intracellular oxidative stress was evaluated with the H₂O₂ production. Our results showed that the H₂O₂ content increased with the accumulation of the toxic ion (Na) in the leaf tissues. In addition, lipid peroxidation, measured by the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, increased as well with salt augmentation in the irrigation water. In response to salt stress, Aloe leaves showed a significant increase in the levels of phenolic compounds too. These results suggest that Aloe can be planted in soils affected by salinity and irrigated with salt water at least at a moderate concentration used in the present study.     

快速脱水抑制葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化及褐变

为探索脱水速度对无核白葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化作用及褐变的影响,以新疆无核白葡萄为试验材料,经过葡萄促干剂处理后,采用快速脱水和缓慢脱水2种处理,质量每减轻10%进行取样,测定脱水过程中果实干基含水率、干燥速率、褐变度、细胞膜透性、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性以及总酚含量的变化。结果表明:与缓慢脱水相比,快速脱水处理显著(P0.05)降低了无核白葡萄褐变度的上升,减少MDA生成量以及膜透性的增加,抑制LOX活性的升高,保持较高的活性氧清除酶SOD、CAT及POD活性及较高的总酚含量,且使PPO活性保持在一个较低的水平。因此认为,快速脱水可以有效地抑制无核白葡萄的膜脂过氧化作用对细胞膜的破坏,保持细胞的完整性,且PPO活性较低,从而减少无核白葡萄脱水褐变的发生。研究结果为快速脱水在无核白葡萄干制中的应用提供参考。