Effect of 46 years' application of fertilizers,FYM and lime on physical,chemical and biological properties of soil under maize–wheat system in an acid Alfisol of northwest Himalayas

Imbalanced fertilizer use with intensive cropping has threatened the sustainability of agroecosystems, especially on acid soils. An understanding of the long-term effects of fertilizers and amendments on soil health is essential for sustaining high crop yields. The effects of application of fertilizers, and amendments for 46 years on soil properties and maize yield in an acid Alfisol were investigated in this study. Ten fertilizer treatments comprising different amounts of NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM) and lime, and one control, were replicated three times in a randomized block design. At 0–15 cm soil depth, bulk density was least (1.20 t/m³), porosity (49.8%) and water holding capacity (61.7%) were greatest in 100% NPK + FYM, corresponding to the largest organic carbon content (13.93 g/kg). Microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity in 100% NPK + FYM were 42% and 13.7% greater than 100% NPK, respectively. Available nutrients were significantly more with 100% NPK + FYM and 100% NPK + lime than control and other fertilizer treatments. At 15–30 cm depth, the effect of various treatments was comparable to the surface layer. Grain yield declined by 55% and 53% in 100% NPK(-S) and 100% NP, respectively, compared with 100% NPK, whereas 100% N as urea alone eventually led to crop failure. Soil porosity recorded the greatest positive correlation (r = .933**), whereas bulk density recorded a negative significant correlation (r = −.942**) with grain yield. The results suggest that integrated use of FYM/lime with chemical fertilizers is a sustainable practice in terms of crop yield and soil health, whereas continuous application of urea alone is detrimental to the soil health.     

Comparative growth of two peach seedling rootstocks under alkaline soil conditions

An almond X peach seed line, ‘Titan’ X Nemaguard (T X NG), which is tolerant to lime‐induced chlorosis, was compared to a susceptible seedling rootstock, Nemared, under alkaline conditions. The tolerant rootstock's growth was not affected by Fe stress, whereas the susceptible rootstock showed chlorosis which corresponded to approximately a 20% chlorophyll loss in the new foliage during the 18‐week stress period, a 62% decrease in shoot dry weight and a 22% decrease in plant height.     

Nutritional (Fe-Mn) interactions in ‘Big Top’ peach plants as influenced by the rootstock and by the soil CaCO3 concentration

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder and it can interfere with the absorption, translocation, and utilization of other elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and P. Soil conditions, management factors, and the use of different genotypes of rootstock can determine the degree of Mn toxicity and of interaction with other elements in the orchard. Five plants of the cultivar ‘Big Top’® grafted onto itself, onto plum rootstock ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and onto hybrid peach x almond rootstock ‘GF677’ were grown in 25-L containers under three treatments, 0, 20, 30% concentration of total lime, obtained by mixing powdered CaCO₃ to a sandy soil. Plants were fertilized with manure and a solid fertilizer early in April and irrigated in summer periodically with water rich in manganese. After just 28 d, active lime caused a decrease of chlorophyll SPAD index especially in plants grafted on itself, while those grafted on the tolerant ‘GF677’ rootstock behaved better than those grafted on ‘Mr.S.2/5.’ From June to September, irrigation caused increases in soil Mn concentration and Mn concentration in control plants. This caused first a serious defoliation in Big Top / Big Top plants and then a re-greening of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and ‘GF677,’ probably due to the interaction between iron and manganese at high pH. In particular the 20% CaCO₃ addition to the soil preserved the plants of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ from Mn toxicity, as shown by their high chlorophyll content and growth and lower Mn leaf concentrations. Plants grafted onto ‘GF677’ rootstock showed the best behaviour under 30% CaCO₃ treatment associated to higher Fe(III)-reducing capacity and photosynthetic activity. Rootstocks and soil conditions (lime and waterlogging) influenced mineral status and growth of the peach cultivar ‘Big Top,’ particularly by interacting together and modifying Fe-Mn availability.     

生物炭和石灰对红壤理化性质及烟草苗期生长影响的差异

我国南方红壤普遍存在酸性强、铝毒和有效养分含量低等特性,本文研究了生物炭和石灰对红壤理化性质及烟草生长的差异,为烟田红壤改良提供理论基础。采用盆栽试验,设置0、0.5%、1%、2%生物炭用量与传统石灰用量(0.3%)等5个处理,研究了其对红壤pH值、交换性铝和锰、有效态矿质养分含量,以及烟草农艺性状、烟叶矿质养分含量等的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭或石灰后,烟草株高、茎粗和叶片数目等农艺性状明显改善,生物量显著提高。0.5%和1%生物炭处理烟叶的N、P、K、Ca和Mg含量较对照处理明显提高,但2%生物炭处理,烟叶N含量比对照处理降低了9.3%。与对照处理相比,石灰处理中烟叶的N、P和Ca含量增加,K和Mg含量下降。施用生物炭和石灰均能够提高红壤pH值,降低其交换性铝含量;且施用生物炭土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量均高于对照处理;而石灰处理仅交换性钙含量增加,交换性锰含量则减少。因此,施用生物炭和石灰均能促进红壤中烟草的生长,并有效改善红壤的理化性状。     

河南省砂姜黑土土类和土属的数字制图研究

数字制图是近年来土壤学的研究热点,而将数字制图与砂姜黑土研究相结合,目前国内研究甚少。选取河南省为研究区,获取该区的气候、母质和地形信息,以土壤—景观定量模型,定量获取砂姜黑土土类属性与主要成土要素之间的相互关系,应用该模型来预测土类分布并制图。在土类图的基础上,根据土属高程分布差异,进一步预测土属分布并制图。结果表明,该方法在土类数字制图尺度上与调查结果重合度可达到80%以上,并且可弥补调查缺失地方,同时间接证明砂姜黑土的成土母质为石灰性母质,其差异部分表明人为、地表径流因素对砂姜黑土土类的分布具有重要的影响。在土属数字制图尺度上,与调查结果面积数量和分布趋势大体一致,具体空间分布难于比较,有待于景观模型进一步细化,还需更详细的地形和气候资料,这些可为砂姜黑土数字制图的下一步研究和完善提供指导。     

A Two-Factor Empirical Deterministic Response Surface Calibration Model for Site-Specific Predictions of Lime Requirement

This paper describes the development of an empirical deterministic two-factor response surface model for the Woodruff lime-requirement buffer (WRF). The model may be used to produce variable-rate lime requirement maps, or to predict lime requirements in real-time. Hence it may be suitable as a component of a decision support system (DSS) for the site-specific management of acid soil. The models' predictions were compared to those of a one-factor response surface, and those of a linear regression. The models tested were validated against soil-CaCO₃ incubations using a statistical jackknifing procedure for error and bias estimations. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to ascertain the best model in terms of goodness of fit and parsimony. The two-factor response surface model produced the best lime requirement estimates, followed by the single-factor model, then the conventional linear regression. The advantages of the response surface models are their improved prediction accuracy, and their flexibility in the choice of any target pH (from pH 5.5 to 7) without the need for excessive calibrations. The uncertainty of the model was assessed using data from an agricultural field in Kelso, New South Wales, Australia. Block kriged maps of soil pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl₂ (pH_CaCl2), WRF buffer pH (pH_buffer) and lime requirements to a target pH of 7 were produced, to compare their spatial distributions. Finally the economic and agronomic benefits of site-specific liming were considered.     

A Study on Plaster of Paris Made from Phosphogypsum

This paper deals with the purification of phosphogypsum by some processing such as washing with water, washing with lime milk, neutralization with lime and so on. It also covers the way to make plaster of Paris having good properties without washing. The result shows that the process of neutralization with lime is simple and the treated phosphogypsum can be used to produce the first grade of plaster.     

石灰质量调查及添加量对糙皮侧耳熟料栽培的影响

石灰是食药用菌生产的重要辅料,研究旨在对当前食用菌栽培过程中使用的石灰辅料进行质量摸底,同时研究石灰在糙皮侧耳栽培中的最适添加量,达到精准指导糙皮侧耳和其他食用菌生产的目的.采用消化石灰物相分析法,对8份不同来源石灰的Ca(OH)2、CaO、CaCO3和MgO含量进行检测.同时选用7号石灰按不同比例添加至玉米芯培养料,...     

富镉复垦基质中添加改良剂对作物镉含量及产量的影响

为了选择出可以在基质中安全种植的作物,该文研究了在粉煤灰加酒糟（基质Ⅰ）和粉煤灰加污泥（基质Ⅱ）混合成的基质中添加柠檬酸和熟石灰作为改良剂,对芸豆、豇豆和马铃薯镉含量及产量的影响。结果表明：熟石灰可以提高作物出苗率,柠檬酸对作物出苗率影响不大。熟石灰可以显著提高基质Ⅰ中芸豆和豇豆以及2种基质中马铃薯的产量,柠檬酸降低基质Ⅰ中芸豆和豇豆的产量,达到显著水平,而对马铃薯在2种基质中的产量影响都不显著。熟石灰可以显著降低芸豆和马铃薯果实中镉的含量,柠檬酸却可以显著增加芸豆果实中镉的含量。粉煤灰加酒糟中可以安全种植的作物为芸豆、豇豆和马铃薯;粉煤灰加污泥中可以安全种植的作物为马铃薯。     

Ameliorating acidity of an extensively‐managed permanent pasture soil

Acid soil amelioration was measured annually over an 11 year experiment. Lime, and superphosphate were surface‐applied under combinations of three rates of lime, viz. nil, lime to raise pH_{C a} of 0–10 cm to 5.0 (low rate) and 5.5 (high rate) respectively, two rates of superphosphate (125 kg/ha every 2 to 3 yr, 250 kg/ha/yr) and two sheep stocking rates. Soils were sampled at 0–2.5, 2.5–5, 5–7.5, 7.5–10, 10–15 and 15–20 cm. Soil pH stratification developed after lime application. By 11 yr lime had not raised pH_{C a} to either 5.0 or 5.5 in the 5–10 cm profile. However, pH_{C a} >5.0 or >5.5 were observed in the 0–5 cm profile. Under high P, low lime application, soil pH_{C a} was higher in the 0–2.5 cm profile at low stocking rate. Effects of applied lime on pH_{C a} declined with time and depth under low lime and the relationship with Al_ex which increased as pH_{C a} declined, was modelled. A rarely reported relationship showed that as soil C increased the apparent solubility of Al decreased. At the lowest pH_{C a} considered, there was a strong negative association between Al_ex and total C, becoming weaker with positive pH_{C a} increments. Higher P rates increased pH_{C a} under low lime contrasting with lesser effects on pH_{C a} under low P at the same lime rate. Slow and limited lime movement means that farmers growing acid sensitive plants must apply lime early enough and at rates and frequencies sufficient to ensure downward movement.