不同夏谷品种的产量与氮肥利用效率

以8个夏谷品种为材料,在大田试验条件下,系统研究了谷子产量和氮肥利用效率的品种间差异及对氮肥的响应。结果表明,8个夏谷品种的平均产量以施氮处理显著高于不施氮处理,平均增产率为8.2%;氮肥对8个品种的增产效应不同,以济谷14、济谷17和济谷18增产效果显著,而对其它品种的产量无显著的促进作用。8个夏谷品种的氮肥利用效率存在差异;氮肥农学效率以济谷14最高,与其它品种达显著性差异;而豫谷18和济谷18的氮肥偏生产力显著高于其它品种。因此,在华北夏谷生产中,应结合当地生产情况和不同品种氮肥利用特性进行品种的选择和应用。     

聚丙烯酰胺对干旱半干旱区不同作物水分利用及产值的影响

为了在半干旱区和干旱区农业生产中推广应用聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM),在半干旱区选择了西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子,在干旱区选择了春小麦、向日葵、玉米和番茄,以不施PAM为对照,测定PAM对不同作物产量、产值、水分利用效率和水分生产率的影响。结果表明半干旱区西瓜、马铃薯、玉米和谷子的产量分别提高了36.76%、24.83%、20.20%和13.16%,产值提高了36.32%,23.04%,9.37%,10.18%,水分利用效率提高了30.15%,18.83%,13.42%和6.24%,水分生产率提高了30.57%,22.97%,16.79%和11.66%。干旱区春小麦、向日葵、玉米、番茄的产量分别提高了18.56%,12.82%,13.65%和16.54%,产值提高了12.78%,10.70%,9.53%和14.71%,水分利用效率提高了13.49%,17.03%,12.96%和25.12%,水分生产率提高了16.14%,11.62%,11.79%和14.85%。干旱区春小麦的增产率和增值率虽然高于向日葵,但增产值却极显著低于向日葵。建议半干旱区应用PAM应优先选择西瓜和马铃薯,干旱区应优先选择番茄和向日葵。     

县域土地利用变化的碳排放效应——以山西省洪洞县为例

[目的]为了分析土地利用变化对碳排放的影响,以洪洞县为例,研究分析县域尺度上土地利用变化的碳排放效应。[方法]选取2000,2010和2013年山西省洪洞县遥感影像,通过解译遥感影像,最终获得洪洞县的土地利用数据。采用碳排放估算模型,估算了洪洞县13a不同土地利用变化导致的碳排放效应。[结果]2000—2013年洪洞县的碳排放量呈现逐年增长的趋势,期间净碳排放放量共增加了6.12×105t。作为主要碳源汇——建设用地和林地,二者的面积不断增长,但建设用地带来的碳排放远超过林地所能吸收的量。洪洞县各个乡镇在这13a中的净碳排放空间差异变化明显。[结论]优化县域土地利用结构,能够有效地减轻碳排放问题。     

K高效和K低效基因型水稻Na和K的吸收和分布与水稻生长及体内K利用率之间的关系

A pot experiment with two rice (Oriza sativa L.) genotypes differing in internal potassium use efficiency (IKUE) was conducted under different sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels. Adding NaCl at a proper level enhanced rice vegetative growth and increased grain yield and IKUE under low potassium. Addition of higher rate of NaCl had a negative effect on the growth of the K-efficient rice genotype, but did not for the K-inefficient genotype. Under low-K stress, higher NaCl decreased IKUE of the K-efficient rice genotype but increased IKUE for the K-inefficient genotype. At tillering stage and under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and decreased the ratio of K/Na for both genotypes. At harvesting stage under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and K/Na ratio for the K-efficient genotype but decreased the K/Na ratio for the K-inefficient genotype. The accumulated Na was mostly deposited in the roots and sheaths. At tillering stage, the K and Na contents and the K/Na ratios in different parts for both genotypes decreased in the following sequence: K⁺ in sheaths > K⁺ in blades > K⁺ in roots; Na⁺ in roots > Na⁺ in sheaths > Na⁺ in blades; and K/Na in sheaths >> K/Na in roots. The K-efficient genotype had a lower K/Na ratio in roots and sheaths than the K-inefficient genotype under low-K stress. At harvesting stage, K and Na contents in grains were not affected, whereas K/Na ratio in the rice straws was increased for the K-efficient genotype but decreased for the K-inefficient genotype by Na addition. However, this was not the case under K sufficient condition.     

Fall and Spring Phosphorus Fertilization of Potato Using a Dicarboxylic Acid Polymer (AVAIL®)

A dicarboxylic acid polymer (AVAIL) modifies the soil immediately around fertilizer—potentially improving crop phosphorus (P) uptake efficiency and yield. Study objectives were to evaluate potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) response to seasonal applications of liquid and dry AVAIL blended P fertilizer on calcareous soils with low to moderate soil test P. Field experiments conducted 2005–2008 included comparisons of monoammonium phosphate (MAP; 11-52-0) broadcast and/or ammonium polyphosphate (APP; 10-34-0) liquid band applications with or without AVAIL in various fall or spring applications. AVAIL increased US No. 1 yields for selected P rate/source/timing combinations in each of the four years; increased United States No. 1 yields overall in 2006 and 2008; and increased total yield and yield of large (>284g) tubers in 2006. The greatest responses to AVAIL occurred on soils with high lime concentrations. No seasonal advantage was observed in any case.     

我国农产品加工业的发展方向

论述了我国农产品加工的意义、现状以及今后发展的方向。指出我国当前农产品加工的重点是抓好大宗农产品的加工,并就小麦等九大作物加工发展提出了一些具体的观点与建议     

Soil organic matter dynamics after the conversion of arable land to pasture

 Conversion of arable land (maize) to pasture will affect the soil organic matter (SOM) content. Changes in the SOM content were studied using a size- and density-fractionation method and ¹³C analysis. Twenty-six years of maize cropping had resulted in a depletion of carbon stored in the macro-organic fractions (>150 μm) and an increase in the <20 μm fraction. Maize-derived carbon in the upper 20 cm increased from 10% in the finest fraction (<20 μm) to 91% in the coarse (>250 μm), light (b.d. <1.13 g cm^–3) fractions. Pasture installation resulted in a rapid recovery of the total SOM content. Up to 90% of the pasture-derived carbon that was mineralized during maize cropping was replaced within 9 years. Especially the medium and coarse size (>150 μm) and light (b.d. <1.13 g cm^–3) fractions were almost completely regenerated by input of root-derived SOM. The amount of medium-weight and heavy macro-organic fractions (>150 μm; b.d. >1.13 g cm^–3) in the 0- to 20-cm layer was still 40–50% lower than in the continuous pasture plots. Average half-life times calculated from ¹³C analyses ranged from 7 years in the light fractions to 56 years in heavy fractions. Fractionation results and ¹³C data indicated that mechanical disturbance (plowing) during maize cropping had resulted in vertical displacement of dispersed soil carbon from the 0- to 20-cm layer down to 60–80 cm. Conversion of arable land to pasture, therefore, not only causes a regeneration of the soil carbon content, it also reduces the risk of contaminant transport by dispersed soil carbon. Received: 10 March 1998     

用~(15)N示踪法研究不同土壤水分条件下小麦对氮的吸收利用

本研究结果表明,同一施氮量处理小麦地上生物量、茎叶产量和籽粒产量随土壤水分含量的增加而提高,在同一土壤含水量下,这３ 种产量则随氮素肥料施用量的增加而增加。小麦成熟后地上部吸收总氮量的方差分析显示出施氮处理和水分处理对小麦吸氮量的影响达到显著水平,同一施氮处理小麦地上部吸氮总量随土壤含水量的增加而增加,在３ 种土壤水分含量条件下,小麦的吸氮量均随施尿素氮肥量的增加而提高。施尿素处理的土壤Ａ 值随土壤含水量的增加而降低;尿素与猪粪配施处理的土壤Ａ 值则随土壤含水量的增加而增加。在相同施肥量下,尿素氮的利用率随土壤含水量的增加而提高,当田间持水量分别为５０ ％ 、７０ ％ 和９０ ％ 时,小麦对土壤中氮素利用率分别为１３３０ ％ 、２７９７ ％ 和３２２６ ％ ,尿素与猪粪配施处理在３ 种土壤水分条件下的氮肥利用率分别为１９９６ ％ 、２９９０ ％ 和３４３９ ％ 。说明在水分缺乏的情况下,尿素氮的利用率受土壤水分条件的制约,土壤水分充足及无机氮肥与有机肥配施可以提高氮肥的利用率。     

城市土地集约利用与城市化效率的时空耦合关系——以辽中南城市群为例

基于耦合理论运用模糊层次分析法和DEA方法对辽中南城市群1987—2012年城市土地利用集约度和城市化效率进行测算,然后采用耦合度和耦合效应指数进行二者耦合阶段、耦合效应的时空分析。结果表明:（1）研究期内辽中南城市群城市土地利用处于基本集约阶段,城市化效率呈波动上升态势,城市土地集约利用和城市化效率的耦合度变化曲线为浅口“U”型。（2）辽中南城市群处于弱耦合到强耦合的转化阶段。西强东弱的耦合度分布正转化为以东西方向为轴,南北对称分布的格局。表现为以沈阳、大连为高值双核心,沈大联系带上辽阳、鞍山、营口、盘锦为次高值分布,东部为低值区域。（3）耦合效应的变化趋势为从负效应到正效应的过程,城市耦合效应长期存在东、西差异。2012年城市群耦合效应出现“质”的变化,全局协调性得到优化。（4）大连的耦合阶段与耦合效应协调同步,耦合作用促进城市发展;沈阳、鞍山、盘锦耦合效益超前于耦合阶段,应适当控制城市化步伐,缓解用地压力,提高社会效益;其余城市大体处在较低耦合阶段,耦合效应没有带来积极的发展红利。     

植物群体受光结构与光截获研究综述

植物群体受光结构与光截获的研究是冠层小气候研究重要领域之一.较为系统地讨论了植物群体受光结构参数及参数获取的新技术新方法、光截获模型及受光结构参数与光截获的关系.在对已有成果综合分析的基础上,探讨了植物群体受光结构与光截获研究中亟待解决的问题.