2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中重金属污染情况调查及风险评估

本试验旨在调查2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的污染情况,评估饲料原料的污染风险。试验收集烟台市莱阳、威海市文登、青岛市莱西、潍坊市诸城、日照市莒县、临沂市沂水、德州市夏津等地不同饲料生产厂家使用的8种饲料原料,包括玉米、豆粕、麸皮、花生粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)和微量元素预混料,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法( ICP-AES)检测镉、铅和铬元素的含量,应用原子荧光光谱法( AFS)检测砷和汞元素的含量,计算检出率、平均含量、超标率、最高含量与平均含量比值( HC/AC)和离散系数。结果表明：饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的检出率分别为32.29%、7.29%、12.50%、100.00%和100.00%;阳性样品中平均含量分别为0.21、1.27、2.12、3.48和0.02 mg/kg,超标率分别为0.00、1.04%、1.19%、54.76%和9.52%;微量元素预混料中砷、铅和镉元素,棉籽粕中铬元素及花生粕中汞元素的HC/AC最大,微量元素预混料中镉元素、花生粕中汞元素、豆粕中砷元素及棉籽粕中铅和铬元素离散系数最大。综上所述,肉鸡饲料原料中铬和汞元素污染严重;微量元素预混料中砷、镉、铬和铅元素、棉籽粕中铬和铅元素、花生粕和豆粕中汞元素易出现严重污染,因此建议制定预混料和饼粕类饲料中多种重金属元素的限量标准。     

The effect of lead poisoning on hematologic and biochemical values in trumpeter swans and Canada geese

BACKGROUND: Lead is a persistent contaminant in the environment, and waterfowl are susceptible to lead toxicity from ingestion of lead pellets and fishing weights. Lead affects numerous physiologic processes through inhibition of enzyme activity and protein function, but its effects on commonly assessed avian blood values are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate hematologic and biochemical changes associated with blood lead concentrations in trumpeter swans and Canada geese. METHODS: Data for CBCs, plasma biochemical profiles (total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT], aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, amylase, and lipase), and whole blood lead concentrations were retrospectively analyzed for 69 trumpeter swans and 52 Canada geese. Laboratory data obtained prospectively from an additional 20 trumpeter swans also were included. RBC morphology was semiquantitated in blood smears from 70 of the birds. Data were analyzed initially by ANOVA and covariance. A statistical model then was constructed to determine the relationship between each parameter and lead concentration. RESULTS: In both avian species, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and MCHC decreased significantly (P < .05) with increasing blood lead concentration. Uric acid concentration and GGT activity were increased in trumpeter swans and phosphorus concentration was decreased in Canada geese in association with high blood lead concentration (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Lead toxicosis induced significant changes in the values of commonly measured hematologic parameters in waterfowl. These changes may be useful indicators of severe lead intoxication during routine laboratory assessment. Changes in clinical chemistry values, although statistically significant, were too inconsistent to serve as indicators of lead toxicosis.     

蔬菜铅污染状况及其防治对策

在金属冶炼厂周围和公路两侧200m范围内的蔬菜均受到铅污染,污染源为工业企业排放的烟尘废气和汽车尾气。蔬菜食用部位中的铅含量与菜地距公路的距离成负相关;相同距离点上生长的不同蔬菜中铅含量有明显差别,表明不同种类的蔬菜吸收和积累大气中铅的能力有强弱之分,一般是普通叶菜的铅含量大于结球叶菜、根菜及果菜,且普通叶菜的铅含量超过国家食品卫生标准。减少蔬菜铅污染的措施主要是：1．根治污染源;2．调整菜田布局;3．绿化带间隔;4．食用前多次水洗;5．实行蔬菜售前铅检测。     

绵羊铅镉中毒及硒解毒实验时矿物元素的变化

12只健康成年绵羊随机分为3组,Ⅰ组剂量Pb为10mg／kg．d和Cd1mg／kg.d口服醋酸铅和氯化镉溶液;Ⅱ组除按Ⅰ组处理外,按Se0.1mg／kg.月的剂量肌注0．2％亚硒酸钠生理盐水;Ⅲ组为健康对照组,处理后对血液、组织和被毛中主要矿物元素的含量进行了测定。结果表明：铅镉摄入后可使血液中铁和钙含量明显降低（P＜001及P＜0．05）,被毛锌含量显著升高（P＜001）;肾脏中Pb、Cd含量最高,肝脏、被毛次之,全血中含量最低（肾＞肝＞被毛＞全血）。因血液中铅镉的浓度具有较大的变异,因此认为,被毛中的Pb、Cd水平更能反映机体的中毒状况。     

金枪鱼围网沉降特性

根据沿围网下纲缚扎的10只温度深度计(TDR-2050型)自动记录的23网次有效数据,对中国中西太平洋金枪鱼围网的下纲沉降速度、沉降深度及其与时间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)网具未达到理论沉降深度,网具中部平均沉降深度为160 m,为最大拉紧高度(311.1 m)的51.4%;(2)网具中部沉降深度与时间的关系为h=–0.000 2t2+0.3663 t;(3)网具各部位的沉降速度不同,取鱼部最慢,网具中部次之,后网头最快;(4)下纲各部位沉降速度均随着深度的增加而减小,沉降速度波动幅度随深度增加按大—小—大的规则变化;(5)网具中部沉降速度与时间的关系为:v=3×10–7t2–7×10–4 t+0.418 9。本研究结果可为改善金枪鱼围网沉降性能提供基础数据,并为海上生产提供指导性参考。     

海洋生物毒素--一类重要的新药研究先导化合物

海洋生物毒素是一类具有独特的化学结构和毒理特性的活性物质,主要作用于Na^ 、K^ 、Ca^2 等离子通道,有些海洋生物毒素对心血管系统有高特异性,或具有显著的抗肿瘤、抗病毒活性,是寻找防治心血管疾病、抗肿瘤、抗病毒药物的重要先导化合物,也可直接开发为天然药物。研究海洋生物毒素具有重要的理论研究价值和实际应用前景。     

Effects of zinc on tissue uptake and toxicity of lead in Sprague Dawley rat

Lead (Pb) exposure occurs together with other metals including zinc (Zn). This study investigated the impact of Zn on Pb tissue accumulation and Pb-induced toxicities. Animals (n=6 rats per group) were exposed to lead acetate (PbAc) or a combination of PbAc and zinc acetate (ZnAc) under the following groups: control (deionized water), low PbAc [12 mg/kg PbAc (3 mg PbAc/rat/day)], low PbAc–ZnAc [12 mg/kg PbAc (3 mg PbAc/rat/day) + 0.2 mg ZnAc/rat/48 hr], high PbAc [120 mg/kg (30 mg PbAc/rat/day)], and high PbAc–ZnAc [120 mg/kg (30 mg PbAc/rat/day) + 1 mg ZnAc/rat/48 hr] for 8 weeks. A significant reduction in body weight gain was observed in the high PbAc group relative to the control group. Muscles and testes both had reduced and increased Pb uptake in low PbAc–ZnAc and high PbAc–ZnAc groups compared to PbAc only groups, respectively. Bone Pb levels in the high PbAc–ZnAc group were lower than the high PbAc group. Zinc co-administration attenuated Pb-induced inhibition of delta aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase enzyme and enhanced catalase enzyme activity at a high level of exposure. Moreover, ZnAc seems to have minimized the effects of Pb-induced mRNA dysregulation in antioxidant and antiapoptotic enzymes encoding genes. Heme oxygenase-1 was downregulated in the kidney and brain in the low PbAc group. Liver glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase-1 were downregulated in the high PbAc group. These findings suggest that zinc co-administration with lead may partially mitigate against Pb-induced toxicities.     

原位合成纳米金/石墨烯修饰玻碳电极检测水和土壤中痕量铅

为提高痕量铅的检测精度,提出了一种简单、可控的一步还原法在裸玻碳电极表面原位合成纳米金/石墨烯材料的方法,并通过循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry,CV)对修饰电极进行电化学表征。利用修饰后的电极对醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液中的铅离子(Pb(Ⅱ))标准样品进行检测,并对检测条件进行了优化。优化条件下的试验结果表明,在pH值为4.5的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液中,Pb(Ⅱ)的溶出峰为-0.08 V,在1～90μg/L范围内Pb(Ⅱ)的溶出峰电流与Pb(Ⅱ)浓度之间呈现良好的线性关系(R~2=0.985),最小检测下限为0.27μg/L。在优化后的条件下采用该电极测定了实际水样与土壤中的Pb(Ⅱ)含量,加标回收率区间分别为93.75%～109.20%和93.82%～109.9%,相对标准偏差均小于7%,可以用于对实际水样与土壤样本的检测。     

我国土壤-蔬菜作物系统重金属污染及其安全生产综合农艺调控技术

近年来,重金属污染耕地安全利用技术研究取得了突破进展,然而将这些关键技术与蔬菜传统高度集约化种植模式进行耦合的研究还比较少,大规模推广应用鲜见报道。因此,本文在查阅最新发表文献的基础上,梳理了我国土壤-蔬菜作物系统重金属污染状况,归纳了蔬菜作物重金属吸收积累特征,并总结了重金属污染蔬菜地安全生产综合农艺调控技术研究进展。当前,我国蔬菜地土壤重金属污染以中轻度为主,且区域分异明显。蔬菜作物重金属超标现象在全国各地时有发生,给蔬菜产业发展和人类健康带来了极大的危害。蔬菜作物对重金属的积累能力因种类、品种、部位而异,受基因型、土壤理化性质和外界环境条件的制约,因此调整种植布局、选用重金属低积累品种、合理轮间套作、施用土壤改良剂和钝化剂、优化水肥管理技术等农艺调控措施是目前中轻度重金属污染蔬菜地安全利用的重要技术途径。未来在进一步深入研究土壤-蔬菜系统重金属迁移转化规律的基础上,宜加强土壤-蔬菜地系统安全生产技术标准、传统种植模式与综合农艺调控措施耦合技术、长期定位试验及风险评价等方面的研究,以实现重金属中轻度污染蔬菜地的安全利用和农产品的安全生产。     

蒙脱土-稻壳炭复合材料对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附特性研究

采用静态吸附实验,研究蒙脱土-稻壳炭复合材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附动力学和热力学特性,并考察吸附剂用量、共存离子及pH等因素对该复合材料吸附Pb~(2+)的影响。结果表明,复合材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附特性符合准二级动力学模型,等温吸附过程能较好地以Freundlich模型进行拟合,且是以物理吸附为主的自发的吸热反应。复合材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附量随吸附时间的延长先快速增加,后缓慢增加最终达到吸附平衡,且随着复合材料投加量的增加,Pb~(2+)的去除率增大。复合材料对水溶液中Pb~(2+)的吸附性能在pH为5时较好,吸附量达52.79 mg·g~(-1);不同浓度Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)均会对Pb~(2+)的吸附反应产生抑制作用,且Mg~(2+)的抑制作用更强。