小麦秸秆生物炭对小白菜中铅累积含量的影响

考察了240℃热解小麦秸秆制备的生物炭对铅离子的吸附性能及对土壤中铅离子的固定效应。结果表明,小麦秸秆生物炭对铅离子以化学吸附为主要过程,298.15K和323.15K下的平衡吸附量分别为45.02 mg/g和51.05 mg/g;通过小白菜种植实验,生物炭在土壤中添加量大于1%时,小白菜含铅量小于0.082mg/kg,且小白菜中铅含量随着生物炭用量的增加而减少,为解决铅离子污染的土壤问题提供了基础数据。     

水泥-过磷酸钙复合材料固化铅污染土的浸出和力学特性

水泥是铅污染土固稳修复常用的固化剂,在修复重度铅污染土时效果较差。而过磷酸钙在稳定铅污染土方面具有溶出风险低、长期稳定性好和环境安全性高的优点。为了研究水泥-过磷酸钙复合材料固化后铅污染土的浸出和力学特性,采用水泥-过磷酸钙复合材料对铅污染土进行固化/稳定化处理,通过浸出试验、无侧限抗压强度试验和渗透试验对固化前后的铅污染土固化体进行浸出和力学特性变化特征对比分析,分别探讨了水泥和过磷酸钙添加量对固化土浸出和力学特性的影响规律。结果表明:水泥可显著改善铅污染土的强度和渗透特性,当水泥的添加量从5%增加到30%时,固化土的抗压强度从0.56 MPa增加到4.78 MPa;渗透系数从8.2×10-7cm/s减小到2.2×10-8cm/s。但水泥在固稳高浓度铅污染土效果较差,当水泥的添加量从5%增加到30%时,固化土的浸出浓度从56.3 mg/L减少到19.8 mg/L,固化土的浸出浓度远高于我国危险废弃物鉴别标准(GB/T 5085.3—2007)。过磷酸钙可显著降低污染土中铅的浸出特性,固化土的浸出浓度从43.5 mg/L减少到0.17mg/L;但过磷酸钙会降低固化土的力学性能。随着过磷酸钙添加量从1%增加到5%,固化土的抗压强度从1.17MPa降低到0.42 MPa;渗透系数从3.0×10-7cm/s增加到1.3×10-6cm/s。因此,在铅污染土实际工程中应根据实际的场地工况和修复目标,合理选择水泥和过磷酸钙的配比,保证修复后的铅污染土强度特性和浸出特性均满足修复标准。     

Periglacial transport distance of Pb derived from small-scale ore veins in the Rhenish Slate Mountains

The spatial extent of metal contamination caused by small-scale ore veins is increased by periglacial solifluction. Our objectives were (1) to examine the spatial distribution of Pb in cover beds that migrated over Pb ore veins, (2) to calculate the transport distance of ore-derived Pb, and (3) to determine controls on the transport distance.We examined six transects (320-775 m long) in the Rhenish Slate Mountains in West Germany. The transects included four west-exposed and two east-exposed slopes with inclinations between 2-20°. All transects were forest-covered and located at 280-450 m above sea level. Soils were Dystric Cambisols and Stagnic Luvisols. Samples of 120 B horizons developed in the sediments of the last ice age (Wuerm) were analyzed for total Pb concentrations and partly also ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios. The Pb concentrations ranged from 20 to 135 mg kg^− 1. The spatial Pb distribution suggested that 14 (out of 18) sampling points showing local Pb concentration maxima contained Pb from ore veins upslope. With a two-end-member-mixing model using ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb isotope ratios of the ore (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio: 1.1828) as one end member and of the native substrate (a mixture of slate and loess; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio: 1.2254 ± 0.0072) as the other we confirmed that the 14 Pb peaks originated from the ore, because they contained 76-100% of ore-derived Pb. By the use of a geographic information system, the transport distance of this Pb was determined to range between 30 and 110 m. Silt concentrations (Pearson r = − 0.69) and the relief curvature (Cramér's V = 0.60) were major controls on the transport distance. Our study demonstrates that Pb ore veins can increase native soil Pb concentrations in soil derived from the periglacial drift of the last ice age (Wuerm) up to a distance of more than 100 m.     

外源铅在土壤中的形态、分布及其对土壤养分的影响

通过对加入外源铅的砂姜黑土、黄褐土、红壤进行培养处理,测定土壤中各形态铅及水溶态NH4 ,K 和速效态磷的含量,研究外源铅在各类土壤中的形态分布特点及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:交换态和残渣态的铅为红壤>黄褐土>砂姜黑土,碳酸盐态铅为砂姜黑土>黄褐土>红壤,铁锰氧化态铅为红壤>砂姜黑土>黄褐土,有机结合态铅为黄褐土>砂姜黑土>红壤;交换态和残渣态所占比例随着外源铅的浓度增大而提高,有机结合态的比例随着外源铅浓度增大降低,碳酸盐结合态铅在砂姜黑土、铁锰氧化态铅在红壤上则呈现外源铅小于500 m g/kg时比例增高,大于500 m g/kg时比例开始下降的状况;加入外源铅的土壤中,水溶态的NH4 和K 的浓度增大,使其流失的风险性增加;水溶态磷和铅离子生成难溶性磷酸铅盐被固结,使速效磷的浓度减少,降低了水溶性磷肥的功效。     

植物体铅的亚细胞分布与化学形态特征测定方法改进

为了提高植物体铅的亚细胞分布和化学结合形态特征的测定精度,以铺地黍为研究对象,利用不同提取方法测定其根部铅的分布特征,对重金属提取过程中植物取材质量与提取液体积之间的比例关系进行量化研究,改进重金属提取流程方法。结果显示,在确定植物取材重量时,其研磨后的植物材料体积与提取液总体积之间的比例为1:5时,各化学结合态提取效果比较理想,铅的回收率高达97.69%。铺地黍根部铅亚细胞分布的F2组分电热板消解的最适消煮温度和时间为：在250℃下消煮0.5 h,之后在145℃下消煮2 h的提取效果最佳,其残渣态铅含量约为0 μg/g,整体回收率高达98.38%。改进后的方法提高了测定的精度,节省测定时间,为植物体其他重金属的亚细胞分布和化学结合态测定方法改进提供参考。     

沈抚灌区耕地重金属Cd、Pb的变化特征分析

选择沈抚灌区东部13个自然村庄的农业种植区，以1500 m间距网格化布点29处，调查研究区历史耕作情况，选取18个停灌时间不同的耕地样点，每个样点按0~20、20~40、40~60 cm采集3层土壤样品，分析测定重金属Cd、Pb的全量及化学形态，并测定了地上作物的茎叶、籽粒中重金属含量，探究研究区不同停灌时间及利用类型耕地土壤中Cd、Pb的分布特征及变化规律。结果表明：0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土壤中Cd含量分别为0.65~1.57、0.66~1.18、0.61~1.18 mg·kg^-1，停灌20~25年的土壤0~20 cm土层Cd含量最高，为1.57 mg·kg^-1；各土层Pb变化范围分别为21.07~38.59、14.97~30.59、15.71~25.66 mg·kg^-1，未随停灌时间发生明显变化；Cd在20~40、40~60 cm土层迁移率分别为0.42~0.50、0.46~0.52，而Pb仅为0~0.34、0~0.68；玉米茎叶、籽粒中Cd含量分别为0.33~0.47、0.02~0.07 mg·kg^-1，水稻茎叶、籽粒中Cd含量分别为0.33~0.89、0.02~0.09 mg·kg^-1，Pb含量分别为1.51~2.32、0.47~0.62mg·kg^-1，Cd、Pb在作物茎叶、籽粒中未随不同耕作方式及停灌时间表现出明显差异；水田土壤可交换态Cd含量占总量的37.33%，旱田可交换态Cd含量占总量的7.82%~13.95%；水田土壤可交换态Pb含量占总量的9.03%，旱田占总量的0.87%~4.18%。研究结果可为重金属污染耕地的利用管理及污染修复提供依据。     

Growth performance,biochemical, cytological and molecular aspects of rabbits exposed to lead toxicity

Heavy metals have enormous variety of deleterious effects on many organs in the body. This study demonstrated the toxic influences of lead on the growth, biochemical, cellular and molecular aspects of developing rabbits. Seventy‐five rabbits (New Zealand NZW) were divided into five equal groups as follows; control (C) and four treatment groups (T1‐4) orally administered lead acetate solution as follow T1: 20, T2: 30, T3: 50 and T4: 70 mg/kg body weight. Lead resulted in a significant decrease in live body weight, daily body weight gain and feed intake in T3 and T4 compared to those in other groups. Blood haematology measurements such as red blood cells, haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume, platelet, white blood cells and lymphocytes were significantly influenced by the high level of lead. Oral administration of lead significantly reduced total proteins in the serum. It was observed that the high lead level led to significantly (p < 0.05) increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase enzymes, urea and creatinine. Four random amplified polymorphic DNA primers polymorphism were detected among the treatment groups. Total number of induced bands (loss or appearance) compared with control group were 4, 10, 10 and 14 bands using primers P1, P2, P3 and P4 respectively. Number of micronuclei showed a dose–response increase and the difference was highly significant especially between control compared with T3 and T4 groups. From our results, we can conclude that exposure of rabbits to lead acetate resulted in negative effects on the growth performance and altered the haematological and biochemical parameters, in addition to its adverse impact on cytological and molecular characterization of animals.     

2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中重金属污染情况调查及风险评估

本试验旨在调查2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的污染情况,评估饲料原料的污染风险。试验收集烟台市莱阳、威海市文登、青岛市莱西、潍坊市诸城、日照市莒县、临沂市沂水、德州市夏津等地不同饲料生产厂家使用的8种饲料原料,包括玉米、豆粕、麸皮、花生粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)和微量元素预混料,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法( ICP-AES)检测镉、铅和铬元素的含量,应用原子荧光光谱法( AFS)检测砷和汞元素的含量,计算检出率、平均含量、超标率、最高含量与平均含量比值( HC/AC)和离散系数。结果表明：饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的检出率分别为32.29%、7.29%、12.50%、100.00%和100.00%;阳性样品中平均含量分别为0.21、1.27、2.12、3.48和0.02 mg/kg,超标率分别为0.00、1.04%、1.19%、54.76%和9.52%;微量元素预混料中砷、铅和镉元素,棉籽粕中铬元素及花生粕中汞元素的HC/AC最大,微量元素预混料中镉元素、花生粕中汞元素、豆粕中砷元素及棉籽粕中铅和铬元素离散系数最大。综上所述,肉鸡饲料原料中铬和汞元素污染严重;微量元素预混料中砷、镉、铬和铅元素、棉籽粕中铬和铅元素、花生粕和豆粕中汞元素易出现严重污染,因此建议制定预混料和饼粕类饲料中多种重金属元素的限量标准。     

The effect of lead poisoning on hematologic and biochemical values in trumpeter swans and Canada geese

BACKGROUND: Lead is a persistent contaminant in the environment, and waterfowl are susceptible to lead toxicity from ingestion of lead pellets and fishing weights. Lead affects numerous physiologic processes through inhibition of enzyme activity and protein function, but its effects on commonly assessed avian blood values are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate hematologic and biochemical changes associated with blood lead concentrations in trumpeter swans and Canada geese. METHODS: Data for CBCs, plasma biochemical profiles (total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT], aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, amylase, and lipase), and whole blood lead concentrations were retrospectively analyzed for 69 trumpeter swans and 52 Canada geese. Laboratory data obtained prospectively from an additional 20 trumpeter swans also were included. RBC morphology was semiquantitated in blood smears from 70 of the birds. Data were analyzed initially by ANOVA and covariance. A statistical model then was constructed to determine the relationship between each parameter and lead concentration. RESULTS: In both avian species, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and MCHC decreased significantly (P < .05) with increasing blood lead concentration. Uric acid concentration and GGT activity were increased in trumpeter swans and phosphorus concentration was decreased in Canada geese in association with high blood lead concentration (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Lead toxicosis induced significant changes in the values of commonly measured hematologic parameters in waterfowl. These changes may be useful indicators of severe lead intoxication during routine laboratory assessment. Changes in clinical chemistry values, although statistically significant, were too inconsistent to serve as indicators of lead toxicosis.