石墨炉原子吸收法测定河流中重金属铅的含量

[目的]对贵州省六冲河的重金属铅污染情况进行评价。（方法]使用石墨炉原子吸收法对贵州省六冲河3个采样布设点的水质进行分析,测定其中的铅含量。[结果]六冲河重金属铅测定的加标回收率为99．67％～103．30％,RSD为0．8～1．8,3个采样点水中铅含量分别为2．93、2．86和2．76μg/L。[结论]六冲河的重金属铅含量较低,但今后仍应当防止铅含量超标引起河流污染。     

不同淋洗剂对污染土娄土中Cu、Pb的淋洗修复研究

【目的】研究不同条件下螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)、柠檬酸(CIT)和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RL2)对污染土娄土中铜、铅的淋洗效果,并对淋洗机制进行探讨。【方法】以铜、铅单一污染的土娄土为研究对象,分别加入2种螯合剂(EDTA、CIT)和2种表面活性剂(SDS、RL2),采用批次试验方法,分析淋洗剂浓度、pH、背景电解质(NaNO3和NaCl)、水(mL)土(g)比、淋洗次数对污染土娄土中Cu和Pb的淋洗百分率的影响,探索不同淋洗剂淋洗污染土娄土中Cu和Pb的最佳条件。【结果】在相同浓度下,EDTA和CIT对污染土娄土中Cu的淋洗百分率明显高于其他淋洗剂,EDTA对Pb的淋洗百分率明显高于其他淋洗剂。淋洗4次后,4种淋洗剂对污染土娄土中Cu的淋洗能力由大到小为CITEDTARL2SDS,对污染土娄土中Pb的淋洗能力为EDTARL2CITSDS。EDTA和CIT溶液淋洗土娄土中Cu和Pb的最适条件为:水土比20(mL)∶1(g)、淋洗剂浓度0.01mol/L、pH=7、无背景电解质;当水土比为20(mL)∶1(g)、RL2溶液浓度为0.02mol/L、pH=8、无背景电解质条件下,RL2对污染土娄土中Cu、Pb的淋洗效果最佳。【结论】EDTA、CIT和RL2可以有效去除污染土娄土中的Cu,EDTA可作为石灰性污染土娄土中Pb的最佳淋洗剂,而SDS不宜作为污染性土壤的淋洗剂。     

改性明矾浆对土壤中镉、铅可提取性的影响研究

为探讨不同改性明矾浆能否作为修复中、低度Cd和Pb污染土壤的重金属钝化剂,采用土培实验研究了不同改性明矾浆和系列添加浓度对污染土壤中可提取态Cd和Pb含量的影响。结果表明:土壤中可提取态Cd和Pb的含量随明矾浆添加量的增大和钝化时间的延长而降低,其中同等钝化剂添加量条件下,热碱改性明矾浆钝化土壤中Cd和Pb的能力优于其他三种明矾浆,如添加浓度为5.0%,放置时间为16周的热碱改性明矾浆处理,其可提取态Cd和Pb含量分别为1.04、19.87 mg·kg-1,与对照相比(可提取态Cd和Pb含量分别为2.12、50.8 mg·kg-1),降幅分别为51%和60.9%,均达到显著水平(P0.05)。扫描电镜和比表面积测试结果证实,原明矾浆经过热碱改性后其粒径变小,比表面积增大,增加了明矾浆与污染物的接触面积,使其与重金属的吸附固定能力有所提高,可以有效降低土壤中重金属Cd和Pb的可提取态含量,从而降低其生物有效性。     

Turf Response to Superferrite Fertilizer in Contrasting Soil Types

Abstract

Superferrite is marketed as a turf fertilizer in the United States, but there is limited information on its effectiveness or potential risks due to high zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) contents. A greenhouse study was conducted where hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue, growing in a calcareous clay or acid sandy soil, and creeping bentgrass, growing in a putting green root zone mix, were fertilized with 0, 50, 100, and 150% the recommended rate of Superferrite fertilizer (73.4 g m^?2). Bermudagrass and tall fescue clipping weights increased with Superferrite rate but root mass was not affected. Tissue iron (Fe) concentrations were mostly unaffected by Superferrite, but total Fe uptake, tissue Zn, and total Zn uptake increased with Superferrite rate. Increased yields were probably due to increasing nitrogen (N) applications rather than Fe or Zn. Small increases in Pb uptake with Superferrite applications suggest that Superferrite Pb had low bioavailability to turf.     

Tracing Pb Pollution Penetration in Temperate Podzols

We combine high‐resolution soil sampling with lead (Pb) analyses (concentrations and stable isotopes) in two temperate podzols, together with previous data obtained with selective Al and Fe dissolution techniques. We aim to assess how atmospheric Pb is incorporated into the soils during pedogenesis. Partial least squares modelling for Pb concentrations shows that the podzolization process has the largest effect on Pb concentration (80·3% of the variance). The proportion of inorganic secondary compounds, the input of fresh organic matter from the soil surface and the relative abundance of Fe versus Al are responsible for a small part of the Pb concentration variance. Lead isotopic composition (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios) depends on soil organic matter content either fresh/poorly humified (57·3% of the variance) or humified (24·7% of the variance). The Pb linked to inorganic compounds and the overall podzolization process play a minor role in isotopic signature (5·3 and 3·7% of the variance respectively). Soil pH appears to be the controlling variable of the different transport and retention mechanisms. The relatively low isotopic ratios observed in spodic horizons result from geogenic Pb released through the preferential dissolution of the isotopically distinct most weatherable minerals of the parent material in the eluvial horizons, which undergoes downward mobilization. An accurate knowledge of soil reactive components and formation mechanisms is essential to a correct diagnose of the scope of Pb pollution and a more effective design of remediation strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铅胁迫下菲白竹的矿质营养吸收和分配

随着矿产、化工、冶金等工业排放的"三废"剧增以及汽车尾气排放量的增加,人类生存环境中的土壤、水体以及空气受重金属污染现象日趋严重,有些重金属通过食物链在人体内蓄积,严重危害人体健康(Kambhampati et al.,2003).铅是一种常见的重金属,全球每年消耗量约为400万t,但仅有1/4得到回收利用,其余大部分都以不同形式进入环境引起污染(李建正,2006).     

土壤性质对烟叶中铅、镉含量的影响及预测模型研究

在湖南某植烟区采集代表性的土壤和烟叶样品112个,测定了土壤理化性质和样品的铅、镉含量,并通过相关性和回归分析来研究烟叶铅、镉含量与土壤因子关系。结果表明:研究区土壤Pb、Cd全量平均值为40.91、0.37 mg·kg~(-1),Pb、Cd有效态平均值分别为10.71、0.23 mg·kg~(-1),烟叶Pb、Cd含量分别为3.86、7.55 mg·kg~(-1);烟叶Pb、Cd的富集系数分别为0.094和19.84,对比富集系数可知,植烟区烟叶镉的健康风险要大于铅。相关性分析表明:烟叶中Pb与土壤Pb全量、Pb有效态含量呈正相关,与p H值呈负相关;烟叶Cd与土壤Cd全量、Cd有效态含量、有机质含量和氯离子量呈正相关,与p H值负相关。通过数据逐步回归得到的方程为lg Ytobac-Pb=0.806lg Xsoil Pb-0.314p H-0.020(R2=0.499)、lg Ytobac-Cd=0.877Xsoil Cd-0.302p H+0.465lg XOM+1.632(R2=0.561),回归方程对烟叶中Pb、Cd的预测达到极显著水平。     

显像管玻壳铅尘环境化学行为的研究

以显像管玻壳铅尘为对象,通过测定铅在不同深度的土壤中各种形态的含量,系统地研究了玻壳铅尘在土壤中的形态及其在土壤剖面中的迁移转化规律,为农业铅污染的防治提供了理论依据。     

家兔心电图的描记与分析

对临床健康家兔进行的心电图描记与分析的结果表明，所有导联都出现Ｐ波、ＱＲＳ综合波和Ｔ波．胸导联波形明显而有规律，测得的心电图电压比较高，因此胸导联描记的心电图更便于临床分析．