中华稻蝗不同体段镉与铅含量及抗氧化酶的比较

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,对中华稻蝗不同体段的镉与铅含量、MDA及H2O2自由基含量、GSH含量及其相关酶（GST、GPx、GR）活性、SOD及CAT活性进行了研究。结果表明,镉与铅含量均在胸部最高,其次为腹部和头部,后足含量最低。胸部镉含量分别是腹部、头部和后足的2.83、3.40和5.67倍,铅含量分别是腹部、头部和后足的1.29、1.39和1.41倍。GSH、MDA、H2O2含量及SOD、CAT活性均为后足最高,其次为头部和腹部,胸部最低。GST在4个体段的活性无显著差异。GR活性的顺序为头部〉胸部〉腹部〉后足,GPx活性的顺序为头部〉腹部〉胸部〉后足。进入土壤中的镉与铅经食物链转运后,在中华稻蝗体内富集,据此可将中华稻蝗作为农业环境中镉与铅污染的指示生物。     

Availability of Lead and Cadmium in Farmland Soil and Its Distribution in Individual Plants of Dry‐Seeded Rice

Abstract

Availability of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in farmland soils and its distribution in individual plants of dry‐seeded rice were investigated utilizing graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) with a matrix modification technique. Five extractants were compared, and the operating conditions for GFAAS were optimized. The detection limits were 4.2 ng for Pb with the precision of 1.54% and 0.1 ng for Cd with the precision of 2.38%. The contents of the extractable Pb and Cd in soils were determined with the five extractants, and availability of Pb and Cd in farmland soil was discussed. The contents of Pb and Cd in different parts of dry‐seeded rice were lower than those in dry‐seeded rice soil. The contents of Pb and Cd in rice were lower than in other parts. The end top leaves accumulated the highest amounts of Pb and Cd.     

间作植物根系对Pb斑块胁迫适应机制

为研究间作体系植物根系受Pb胁迫的形态学适应机制,利用根箱试验设计Pb斑块胁迫下玉米、小花南芥单作和玉米与小花南芥间作处理。结果表明:在Pb斑块(0、1000 mg·kg~(-1))处理根箱条件下,间作小花南芥根生物量的相对关系指数显著增加,小花南芥根趋向有Pb斑块生长,根系表面积显著增加,间作模式极显著影响小花南芥根系形态;间作玉米根生物量的相对关系指数显著降低,玉米根趋向无Pb斑块生长,Pb处理极显著影响玉米根系形态。径级在1.5 mmd3≤2.5 mm根表面积显著影响间作小花南芥与玉米对Pb的响应。研究表明,根间相互作用激发小花南芥根系趋向Pb斑块,玉米根系趋向无Pb斑块,揭示了超富集植物与作物间作体系促进两种植物根系趋向性适应的重要原因。     

不同肥料不同作物对铅污染土壤修复及酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用随机组合设计,研究施用菌肥和腐殖酸对铅污染土壤上玉米、高粱、蓖麻、向日葵对铅的吸收效果及其生长成熟后对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,在铅污染土壤上施用菌肥、腐殖酸,有效降低了重金属铅的毒害;能有效提高土壤中酶的含量,其中,过氧化氢酶含量提高11.9%⁵5.0%,磷酸酶含量提高1.2%55.0%,磷酸酶含量提高1.2%²6.0%,脲酶含量提高43.1%26.0%,脲酶含量提高43.1%⁸0.7%,蔗糖酶含量提高17.7%80.7%,蔗糖酶含量提高17.7%³6.7%;铅吸收量以重金属Pb与菌肥混合施用(Pb+J)处理玉米最为显著,达到214.67 mg/kg。说明施用菌肥和腐殖酸可以达到修复铅污染土壤的目的。     

酸模叶蓼对重金属 Pb胁迫的生理响应

采用水培法,研究不同质量浓度[0 mg/L （对照）、200 mg/L、600 mg/L、800 mg/L ]Pb处理对酸模叶蓼叶片枯黄比例、叶绿素含量及各种抗氧化酶活性等生理生态指标的影响。结果表明：随着Pb质量浓度的增加,酸模叶蓼的叶片枯黄比例逐渐增加,完全展开叶数逐渐减少,植株生长受到显著抑制;酸模叶蓼幼苗的生物量呈下降趋势;酸模叶蓼叶片的丙二醛含量、相对电导率、超氧化物歧化酶活性均呈升高的趋势,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量表现为逐渐下降的趋势,过氧化物酶活性则呈先升高后降低的趋势。在3种Pb浓度胁迫下,15 d内酸模叶蓼体内的Pb积累量分别达到30．21、75．86、100．25 mg/kg ;Pb在酸模叶蓼根中以醋酸提取态、盐酸提取态为主,而在茎、叶中则以盐酸提取态为主。酸模叶蓼对Pb具有一定的富集作用。     

贵州省典型铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染状况评价

在贵州DD、DX典型铅锌矿区共采集土壤表层样品27件,针对不同采样点和不同片段的整体研究,采用单因子污染指数法和N.L.Nemerow综合污染指数法对研究区域重金属污染进行研究,结果表明,矿区土壤中重金属污染程度有较大差异,其中Cu、As、Cr等重金属元素无或轻污染;Cd、Zn、Hg、Pb等重金属元素对该区土壤环境已造成污染;2个研究区域土壤中重金属综合污染已相当严重。     

某废弃铅冶炼企业周边土壤和蔬菜的铅含量及分布特征

为了解并掌握废弃铅冶炼企业对周边环境的影响程度及范围,在湖北某废弃铅冶炼企业周边按照扇形布点法采集表层土壤样品102个、蔬菜样品69个,分别采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法检测样品铅含量,分析土壤环境和蔬菜样品铅含量的空间分布。结果表明,废弃铅冶炼企业周边土壤铅含量的几何均数为39.8 mg·kg~(-1),高于湖北省土壤背景值(26.7 mg·kg~(-1))。土壤铅的地质累积指数平均值为0.09,其中,36.4%的土壤采样点地质累积指数大于0。距离废弃铅冶炼企业500、1 000 m和1 500 m采样点的地质累积指数平均值分别为2.11、0.61和0.33,而2 000 m及其以外土壤铅的地质累积指数平均值均小于0。白菜、萝卜和葱铅含量的超标率分别为24.0%、36.0%和6.3%,其内梅罗综合指数分别为8.12、4.38和1.26。废弃铅冶炼企业周边土壤和蔬菜在500 m范围内污染最为严重,土壤在500~2 000 m之间呈轻度或中度污染;白菜、萝卜和葱受到铅污染的最大影响距离分别在500~1 000、1 000~1 500 m和500~1 000 m之间,其分别呈现重度、重度和轻度污染,且在企业周边呈现明显的污染和富集特征。     

Using kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) as a phytoremediation plant species for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) removal in saline soils

Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala) is usually planted from early autumn until late winter. Since most of the plants used for phytoremediation cannot be grown during this time, kale can be a suitable option for phytoremediation and utilized during autumn and winter in urban landscape, especially in metropolitan areas where high levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) pollutions exist. Kale growth in saline soil at different growth stages (germination and vegetative growth stages) was studied in this investigation. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications was used in this study. Treatments included three levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 30, and 60 mg/kg), four levels of Cd (0, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg), and four levels of Pb (0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg). Results indicated that increase in Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil decreased fresh and dry weights of the plants. The results of the various growth stages revealed that under salinity stress, kale plants were able to absorb more Pb than Cd and effectively remediate Pb in polluted and saline lands. Cd accumulation in control treatment was 6.2% more than that in the saline treatments, whereas, Pb accumulation in the highest NaCl level, 60 mg/kg salinity treatment was 7.64% more than that of the control condition. Also, proline content of the plants was significantly increased under Cd and Pb stress. From the results of this study, it was concluded that using kale plant is recommended for phytoremediation of saline soils with 10 and 16 mg/kg Pb and Cd contents, respectively.     

配施硫基肥对夏玉米镉铅累积的阻控效应

该文以府河流域污灌区农田为研究对象,通过田间小区试验研究了5种施肥措施对土壤重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)有效性以及夏玉米(Zea mays L.)对Cd、Pb富集和转运能力的影响。结果表明:与农民常规施肥(CK)相比,尿素、磷酸二铵和氯化钾配施(N-P-K)以及腐殖酸复合肥、尿素和磷酸二铵配施(HA-N-P)的表层土壤Cd、Pb有效性以及夏玉米对Cd、Pb的富集和迁移能力差异均不显著(P0.05)。然而,腐殖酸复合肥、硫酸铵和磷酸二铵配施(HA-S-P)以及硫酸铵、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾配施(S-P-K)2种施肥措施的表层土壤有效Cd含量分别比CK降低了10.60%和6.36%,表层土壤有效Pb含量分别比CK降低了11.49%和6.00%。此外,HA-S-P处理和S-P-K处理夏玉米Pb转运系数分别比CK降低了50.33%和77.10%,且夏玉米籽粒Pb含量分别比CK降低了59.75%和80.43%(P0.05),但各处理间夏玉米对Cd的转运和富集能力差异并不显著,这说明施用硫基肥可有效抑制夏玉米对Pb的富集和转运,但并未影响其对Cd的富集和转运。综上所述,该污灌区轻度Cd、Pb复合污染农田土壤种植夏玉米建议硫酸铵、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾配施,或者腐殖酸复合肥、硫酸铵和磷酸二铵配施。     

球磨仪-微波消解石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中的铅元素

采用行星式球磨仪制样、微波消解、石墨炉原子吸收法测定了土壤样品中的铅含量,球磨仪制样颗粒超细且均匀,干净卫生,不存在扬尘污染;微波消解仪操作简便快速,消耗试剂少,密闭消解,酸污染少。结果表明:测定土壤标准样品GSS-22的相对误差为1%,GSS-26相对误差为1.2%,测定实际试样相对标准偏差均值为1.6%,均满足试验要求。