Identification of Neofabraea species causing bull's eye rot of apple in Poland and their direct detection in apple fruit using multiplex PCR

Based on partial sequence analysis of the β‐tubulin gene, 19 isolates of fungi causing bull's eye rot on apple in Poland were classified into species: Neofabraea alba, N. perennans and N. kienholzii. To the authors’ knowledge, the detection of N. kienholzii is the second in Europe and the first in Poland. Species affiliation of these fungi was confirmed by a new species‐specific multiplex PCR assay developed on the basis of previously published methods. The new protocol allowed for the specific identification of bull's eye rot‐causing species, both from pure cultures and directly from the skin of diseased or apparently healthy apples. In 550 samples of diseased fruits collected from nine cold storage rooms located in three regions of Poland, in 2011 and 2012, N. alba was detected as the predominant species causing bull's eye rot, occurring on average in 94% of the tested samples. Neofabraea perennans was found in a minority of apple samples, N. kienholzii was found only in two apple samples, while N. malicorticis was not detected in any sample tested. In tests on 120 apparently healthy fruits, only N. perennans was detected in a single sample. The results of genetic diversity analyses of bull's eye rot‐causing fungi based on the β‐tubulin gene sequence and an ISSR (inter‐simple sequence repeat) PCR assay with two primers were consistent, showing the expected segregation of tested isolates with respect to their species boundaries. However, the genetic distance between N. perennans and N. malicorticis was very low, as reported previously.     

如何构建企业内部和谐

一个和谐的内部环境可以极大地降低企业内的交易成本,它对于企业的生存与可持续发展是至关重要的。为了探寻企业内部和谐的构建方式和方法,从对影响企业内部和谐的几大因素——个体身心和谐、人际关系、群际关系、个群关系的分析着手,提出了构建企业内部和谐的具体路径选择——建立共同愿景;以人为本,实施人本管理;增进沟通,建立以信任为基础的人际关系;提高员工满意度,消除不公平感;正确处理群际关系;导入冲突管理机制。     

不同营养条件对羊肚菌菌核形成的影响

菌核形成与羊肚菌(Morchella esculenta)子实体的形成有密切的关系.以PDA培养基为基础培养基,通过添加其他物质培养羊肚菌菌丝,观察菌核生长情况,从而初步判断其形成菌核的培养基限定条件.结果表明,碳源营养添加物为淀粉和乳糖,浓度为10 g·L-1;氮源添加物为NH4HCO3、KNO3和甘氨酸,浓度为25...     

Assessment of Partial Resistance to Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) in a Tetraploid Rose Population Using a Spore-suspension Inoculation Method

Powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) is the most important fungal disease in greenhouse roses and is in practice controlled by fungicides. The creation of novel cultivars with durable resistance to powdery mildew is highly desirable. To understand the inheritance of mildew resistance, a tetraploid rose population with a size of 181 seedlings was obtained by crossing two tetraploid genotypes each having partial resistance. The population and its parents were tested under greenhouse conditions with two well-defined monospore isolates (2 and F1) using artificial inoculation with spore suspensions. Disease score at 11 days post-inoculation, latent period and rate of symptom development were used to describe seedling resistance. The tests for both isolates exhibited a wide and significant variation among genotypes for resistance. The distribution of the genotypic means of the disease scores was continuous and showed a considerable transgression. Statistical analysis, scatter plot of disease scores for the isolates, and correlation analyses indicated that the two isolates differed in pathogenicity. The outcome of the tests showed that the inoculation assay with spore suspensions was a reliable and effective way to screen large numbers of genotypes under greenhouse conditions for genetic and breeding studies. This is the first report on spore-suspension inoculation to be used successfully in rose.     

我国北方部分苹果主产区病毒病的发生与检测

苹果病毒病在我国广泛发生,已成为限制我国苹果优质高产的关键因素。20世纪80年代曾对其做过详细的调查和研究,但近年来由于各地农业产业结构调整等因素,苹果病毒病的发生特点有了不同程度的变化。为了解目前我国苹果病毒病的发生情况,在我国北方苹果主产区山东、陕西、山西、辽宁、北京和黑龙江6个省市的部分地区采集苹果样品共计267份,经RT-PCR检测和扩增产物的克隆与测序分析表明在上述地区采集的样品中,苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(ACLSV)、苹果茎沟病毒(ASGV)、苹果茎痘病毒(ASPV)、苹果锈果类病毒(ASSVd)的发生率分别为66.7%~100.0%、38.1%~94.1%、4.8%~85.7%和4.8%~48.6%;苹果凹果类病毒(ADFVd)仅在山东的两个果园零星发生;6个省市样品中病毒复合侵染率分别为67.1%、92.1%、75.0%、88.2%、94.1%和76.2%。     

22 个苹果品种和砧木试管苗对热处理脱毒效应的研究

用RT-PC R 对22 个苹果品种和砧木携带3 种潜隐性病毒的情况进行了检测, 并用变温热处理结合茎尖培养对22 个苹果品种和砧木组培苗脱除潜隐性病毒的效应进行了研究。结果表明:不同的苹果品种和砧木耐热性不同。其中`王林' 、` 乔纳金' 、`嘎啦' 、` 金冠' 、` 珠美海棠' 、` P22' 的耐热性最强;`GM256' 、` 弘前' 、` SH' 系耐热性最差;` 惠民短枝富士' 、`浓红富士' 、`天红1 号' 、`B9' 、`M9' 、` P59' 、` 77-34' 、` 天红2 号' 、` Jazz' 的耐热性居中。在相同处理条件下, 不同的苹果基因型脱毒率存在差异。` 惠民短枝富士' 、` SH17' 、`M9' 、`GM256' 、`弘前' 脱毒率最高,` 77-34' 、` P59' 、`P22' 、` 天红1 号' 次之, `乔纳金' 、`S H40' 、` SH 38' 、` 浓红富士' 的脱毒率最低。另外, 不同病毒种类脱除的难易程度也存有差异, ACLSV 最容易脱除, ASGV 最难脱除, ASPV 居中。