柳树叶饲料化调制加工技术研究

为了探索垂柳(Salix babylonica)树叶的饲料化加工技术,在研究6个生育期(展叶期、开花初期、飞絮期、青绿期、枯黄期、落叶期)柳树叶营养物质含量变化的基础上,分别将其调制成青贮饲料,测定并比较不同生育期柳树叶制备青贮饲料的营养物质含量及发酵品质指标,并对枯黄期和落叶期树叶进行添加乳酸菌菌剂青贮对比试验。结果表明,根据原料营养物质判断,展叶期柳树叶营养品质与优质豆科牧草品质近似,但是随着生育期的延迟,柳树叶营养物质含量和饲用价值显著下降。将不同生育期柳树叶直接青贮之后,无品质改善效果,青贮饲料发酵品质差,饲用价值不大。但是,添加乳酸菌菌剂后调制的柳树叶青贮饲料发酵品质得到了显著改善。综上表明,柳树叶如果直接饲喂利用,最好选择在较为幼嫩的展叶期;如果开发利用其他生育期或枯落后的柳树叶,以添加乳酸菌菌剂调制成青贮饲料为好。     

DNA甲基化与肿瘤研究进展

对肿瘤研究的不断深入,发现除了基因突变之外,表观遗传改变也与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。肿瘤表观遗传的改变以DNA的异常甲基化为主。DNA的异常甲基化几乎存在于任何类型的人类肿瘤中,包括皮肤恶性肿瘤。DNA甲基化是指在DNA甲基化酶的作用下,以S-腺苷酸-L-甲硫氨酸为甲基供体,将甲基转移到特定碱基上的过程。基因的正常功能除了依赖于正常结构外,还依赖于正常的甲基化状态。DNA的异常甲基化在肿瘤发生中起重要作用。     

2种玉米青贮饲料青贮过程中主要微生物的变化规律研究

旨在研究玉米青贮过程中各主要微生物的数量变化及变化趋势.做去棒揉丝和带穗切段瓶制青贮,取青贮前玉米青贮原料及在装瓶后第0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、9、11、13、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50天的青贮样品,用无菌水浸泡,然后用选择性培养基培养其中的主要微生物,包括乳酸菌、酵母菌和霉菌,最后进行计数.结果表明,在玉米青贮密封后60 d内,水分含量变化很小.pH在第2天下降到4以下,然后稳定在3.5左右,带穗切段玉米青贮pH低于去棒揉丝玉米青贮.乳酸菌数量剧增,在第6、7天时达到最高峰,为109数量级,之后数量缓慢下降,于第15～20天时稳定在107数量级,去棒揉丝玉米青贮的乳酸菌数量在第7天达到最高峰,带穗切段玉米青贮则在第6天出现最高峰,其稍高于去棒揉丝玉米青贮.酵母菌在青贮初期数量有些波动,出现最高峰到达107数量级后数量随时间的延长而减少,去棒揉丝玉米青贮时酵母菌数量迅速下降,第40天后没有再检测到酵母菌的存在,而带穗切段玉米在青贮12 h之内数量迅速增加,之后缓慢下降,第50天后没有再检测到酵母菌的存在.霉菌因密封后氧气缺乏而数量很快减少,最晚在第11天左右便检测不到,去棒揉丝玉米青贮中霉菌数量下降较迅速,第4天之后便检测不到霉菌存在,而带穗切段玉米青贮则比较平缓,直到第11天之后便检测不到霉菌存在.综上所述,在玉米青贮过程中主要微生物随时间大致呈现逐步减少的趋势;对玉米秸秆进行纵切揉丝处理有利于玉米青贮饲料的制作.     

中药复方消毒剂对鸡舍内空气浮游菌杀灭和有害气体降解的实验研究

为了解国内某厂家生产的植物源中药复方消毒剂的对鸡舍现场的空气沉降菌和有害气体降解效果,试验重复3次,每次设计消毒前1h,消毒后1h、4h、10h和24h五个时间监测点,采用了细菌自然沉降法和有害气体检测仪对鸡舍内空气浮游菌含量和氨气、硫化氢等有害气体进行了检测,同时还挑选5个养殖工人对鸡舍内除臭效果感官判定。3个批次结果均显示,消毒剂按1:500和1:1000两个浓度稀释使用4h后,鸡舍现场有效除菌率就达到90%以上;消毒1h后与消毒前比较,对氨气和硫化氢的降解差异显著;消毒24h后,通过养殖工人感官评判,有显著除臭效果。结果表明,该实验设计的中药消毒剂对鸡舍内环境有显著改善作用。     

Pharmacokinetics and dynamics of mycophenolate mofetil after single‐dose oral administration in juvenile dachshunds

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is recommended as an alternative/complementary immunosuppressant. Pharmacokinetic and dynamic effects of MMF are unknown in young‐aged dogs. We investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single oral dose MMF metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), in healthy juvenile dogs purpose‐bred for the tripeptidyl peptidase 1 gene (TPP1) mutation. The dogs were heterozygous for the mutation (nonaffected carriers). Six dogs received 13 mg/kg oral MMF and two placebo. Pharmacokinetic parameters derived from plasma MPA were evaluated. Whole‐blood mitogen‐stimulated T‐cell proliferation was determined using a flow cytometric assay. Plasma MPA C_max (mean ± SD, 9.33 ± 7.04 μg/ml) occurred at <1 hr. The AUC_0–∞ (mean ± SD, 12.84±6.62 hr*μg/ml), MRT_inf (mean ± SD, 11.09 ± 9.63 min), T1/2 (harmonic mean ± PseudoSD 5.50 ± 3.80 min), and k/d (mean ± SD, 0.002 ± 0.001 1/min). Significant differences could not be detected between % inhibition of proliferating CD5+ T lymphocytes at any time point (p = .380). No relationship was observed between MPA concentration and % inhibition of proliferating CD5+ T lymphocytes (R = .148, p = .324). Pharmacodynamics do not support the use of MMF in juvenile dogs at the administered dose based on existing therapeutic targets.     

Effect of grape pomace on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP) with different adding levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, fresh matter basis), alone (GP‐LAB) or in combine with an inoculant LAB (GP+LAB), on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage. After 90 days of ensiling in vacuumized mini‐silos, silages were subject to a 7‐day aerobic stability test, in which chemical, microbial and polyphenol composition were measured. In the GP‐LAB group, adding GP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and butyric acid in silage. In the GP+LAB group, adding GP increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid, WSC and crude protein, decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value, NH₃‐N ratio and butyric acid concentration in silage. Polyphenol level was reduced (P < 0.05) after silage fermentation. During aerobic exposure, the fungi count, pH value and silage temperature increased (P < 0.05), the levels of lactic acid, acetic acid and polyphenols (quercetin 3‐O‐glucoside and quercetin 3‐O‐glucuronid) decreased (P < 0.05) in silage. GP+LAB treated silage had a lag phase for aerobic spoilage. When the fermentation products, microbial counts, chemical and polyphenol composition were considered, the use of 10% GP+LAB at ensiling could provide a valuable source for improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage.     

Proper reprogramming of imprinted and non‐imprinted genes in cloned cattle gametogenesis

Epigenetic abnormalities in cloned animals are caused by incomplete reprogramming of the donor nucleus during the nuclear transfer step (first reprogramming). However, during the second reprogramming step that occurs only in the germline cells, epigenetic errors not corrected during the first step are repaired. Consequently, epigenetic abnormalities in the somatic cells of cloned animals should be erased in their spermatozoa or oocytes. This is supported by the fact that offspring from cloned animals do not exhibit defects at birth or during postnatal development. To test this hypothesis in cloned cattle, we compared the DNA methylation level of two imprinted genes (H19 and PEG3) and three non‐imprinted genes (XIST, OCT4 and NANOG) and two repetitive elements (Satellite I and Satellite II) in blood and sperm DNAs from cloned and non‐cloned bulls. We found no differences between cloned and non‐cloned bulls. We also analyzed the DNA methylation levels of four repetitive elements (Satellite I, Satellite II, Alpha‐satellite and Art2) in oocytes recovered from cloned and non‐cloned cows. Again, no significant differences were observed between clones and non‐clones. These results suggested that imprinted and non‐imprinted genes and repetitive elements were properly reprogramed during gametogenesis in cloned cattle; therefore, they contributed to the soundness of cloned cattle offspring.     

不同地区取样点土壤中木质素降解优势菌株的筛选及生长特性比较

本试验旨在研究基于不同地区取样点土壤成分条件下,木质素降解菌的生长特性,并为筛选出降解农作物秸秆中木质素的优势菌奠定基础.通过对扬州、南京、临沂、潍坊和连云港地区5个取样点的土壤成分测定,并利用选择培养基和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)-RB亮蓝与PDA-Bavendamm平板显色反应鉴定不同土壤中木质素降解菌生长量及其木质素降解酶特性,依据各取样点菌株的生长特性最终选择优势菌株.结果表明,扬州取样点土壤中木质素降解菌密度[(5.67±0.58) 105g-1]极显著高于另外4个取样点(P＜0.01),所获得的木质素降解菌的产酶特性亦优于其他取样点.可知,5个取样点土壤中木质素降解菌密度存在明显差异,并与土壤中总有机碳含量呈强正相关(r=0.84,P＜0.01).     

The effect of copper nanoparticles and copper (II) salt on redox reactions and epigenetic changes in a rat model

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a diet containing different levels of Cu in two different chemical forms (carbonate and nanoparticles) on redox reactions and epigenetic changes in a rat model. For 4 weeks, five experimental groups (eight rats in each) were fed diets with two dosages of added Cu (standard—6.5 mg/kg or half of the standard dosage—3.25 mg/kg, and as a negative control no additional Cu in the mineral mixture) in two forms (standard—CuCO₃ and copper nanoparticles). Addition of Cu nanoparticles resulted in higher Cp (ceruloplasmin) activity and LOOH (lipid peroxides) and MDA (malondialdehyde) content, as well as decrease the CAT (catalase) activity and level of PC (protein carbonyl), 3‐NT (3‐nitrotyrosine), 8‐OHdG (8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine), GSH + GSSG (total glutathione) and DNA methylation. Reducing the dose of copper resulted in a decrease in the level of LOOH and GSH + GSSG as well as CAT activity, but increased the level of PC and methylated DNA. Based on these evidence, we concluded that addition of copper nanoparticles in the diet reduces protein oxidation and nitration as well as DNA oxidation and methylation. Lowering the level of Cu in the diet increases the oxidation of proteins and DNA methylation.     

牧草叶绿素衍生物植烷酸对动物机体的影响

牧草中含有大量的叶绿素,而牧草不同的生长期、收获期、贮藏条件和加工方式都影响着叶绿素的含量。叶绿素在被反刍动物采食后代谢为叶绿醇、降植烷酸和植烷酸,适当浓度的植烷酸可以提高糖类和脂类的代谢,增加脂肪酸氧化饲喂相关基因表达,诱导棕色脂肪细胞分化。植烷酸进入动物机体后对神经系统和免疫系统有积极作用,如减少致畸率等。本文对牧草中叶绿素植烷酸的结构、代谢过程,及其对动物机体的影响和未来发展方向进行了综述。