ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF CANINE MASTITIS

Ultrasonographic images were acquired of the mammary glands of 40 bitches with physiologically lactating (n = 20) or inflamed glands (n = 20). Echogenicity, structure, homogeneity, thickness, and distinguishability of each tissue layer were assessed. Additionally, overall echogenicity was noted. In the normal lactating gland, different tissues could be differentiated easily. The parenchyma was, without exception, separated from adjacent tissues and was visible as medium echogenic tissue with a coarse-grained structure. The tissue always had some echogenic lines and anechoic areas and was slightly heterogeneous. The loss of distinct layering of the tissue was characteristic of an inflamed mammary gland and inflamed regions had reduced echogenicity. Additionally in five bitches with mastitis, the ultrasound examination was repeated five times for documentation of the progress of the illness and associated changes, supplemented with a color Doppler sonogram to assess changes in blood vessel density. Information from the examinations carried out via B-mode did not allow treatment success to be predicted. Two bitches with reduced blood vessel density centrally had a poor outcome whereas three bitches with increased blood vessel density had a good outcome. Thus, Doppler sonography might be a useful tool to obtain information of the prognosis in acute canine mastitis.     

猪瘟病毒持续感染对母猪繁殖性能及仔猪猪瘟疫苗免疫效力的影响

利用来源于同一猪场的2头猪瘟病毒(HCV)持续感染的带毒母猪及所产35头仔猪(包括13头死胎)和6头阴性对照猪,观察母猪的胎儿发育成活状况、仔猪HCV带毒率及HCV垂直传播对仔猪猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗(HCLV)免疫效力的干扰作用,同时进行水平传播试验和观察HCV持续感染对母猪繁殖功能的影响。结果表明：HCV持续感染对其中1头母猪的胎儿发育和成活有明显影响,而对另1头母猪的胎儿发育没有明显影响;HCV持续感染母猪可经过胎盘垂直传播病毒给仔猪,传播率达45％～86％;吃初乳和接种HCLV不能阻止带毒仔猪的死亡,9头带毒仔猪在45d内死亡4头;免疫HCLV不能使带毒仔猪产生免疫保护力。5头猪在强毒攻击后死亡4头;HCV垂直传播的带毒猪可发生水平传播,并引起3／4感染猪死亡;HCV持续感染可引起母猪生殖系统病理变化。导致繁殖障碍。     

饲粮磷水平对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮磷水平对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择体重(56.55±1.17)kg、产奶量(2.20±0.07)kg/d、泌乳中期的2胎健康崂山奶山羊30只,采用单因素随机分组设计,随机分成3组,每组10只,每只羊为1个重复。各组饲喂能量和蛋白质水平基本一致,磷水平分别为0.26%、0.36%及0.46%的饲粮。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)饲粮磷水平对干物质采食量均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)0.36%组产奶量全期平均值较高,极显著高于0.26%组、0.46%组(P0.01),0.26%组与0.46%组差异不显著(P0.05);干物质采食量/产奶量、干物质采食量/4%标准乳产量均以0.36%组较低,极显著低于0.46%组(P0.01)。3)饲粮磷水平对乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳非脂固形物率、乳磷含量、乳钙含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。4)饲粮磷水平对血清中钙、磷、尿素氮含量及碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,泌乳期崂山奶山羊饲粮磷水平以0.36%为宜。     

丙氨酰谷氨酰胺二肽对早期断奶仔猪抗氧化能力及肠道保护的研究

本试验旨在研究丙氨酰谷氨酰胺二肽(Ala-Gln)对早期断奶仔猪抗氧化能力和肠道保护的影响。采用完全随机化设计,选用体质量、胎次、泌乳量、产仔数相近、健康的云南撒坝母猪所产的48头仔猪(1/2♂,1/2♀),35日龄断奶,随机分成4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复4头。A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,B、C和D组分别饲喂添加0.15%、0.30%和0.45%Ala-Gln的试验日粮。试验期为35~60日龄。结果表明,添加0.15%、0.30%和0.45%Ala-Gln可提高断奶仔猪生长性能,随饲粮Ala-Gln添加水平提高,日采食量、体质量呈二次曲线上升(P<0.05),料重比呈二次曲线降低(P<0.05)。第49日龄的仔猪血清T-AOC和T-SOD含量以二次曲线方式升高(P<0.05),血清MDA活性呈二次曲线降低(P<0.01)。小肠形态学观察结果显示,仔猪十二指肠和回肠绒毛长度以二次曲线方式升高(P<0.01),空肠绒毛长度以二次曲线方式升高(P<0.05),十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度以二次曲线方式降低(P<0.05),十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛长度和隐窝深度比值(V/C)以二次曲线方式提高(P<0.01)。结...     

断奶日龄对仔猪心肌、背最长肌和半腱肌抗氧化功能的影响

为研究不同断奶日龄对仔猪心肌、背最长肌和半腱肌抗氧化功能的影响,试验选取受试仔猪24头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头仔猪,各处理仔猪分别在14日龄、21日龄、28日龄和35日龄断奶,所有仔猪在42日龄宰杀取样.测定仔猪相应组织的MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性.结果表明,随着断奶日龄的推迟,仔猪心肌、背最长肌和半腱肌中MDA含量逐渐降低,35日龄断奶组仔猪心肌MDA含量显著低于14日龄组（P＜0.05）,28日龄和35日龄断奶组背最长肌和半腱肌MDA含量显著低于14日龄组（P＜0.05）;与28日龄和35日龄断奶组相比,14日龄断奶组心肌T-SOD、GSH-Px活性（P＜0.05）以及半腱肌GSH-Px活性均显著降低（P＜0.05）,各断奶日龄组仔猪背最长肌抗氧化酶活性无显著差异.以上结果提示,仔猪断奶日龄越早,其肌肉组织脂质过氧化反应越强,抗氧化功能越低.     

Milk Yield of Holstein Cows Induced into Lactation Twice Consecutively and Lactation Curve Models Fitted to Artiifcial Lactations

Nineteen multiparous barren Holstein cows were subjected to an induction of lactation protocol for 21 d administering estradiol cypionate （2 mg kg-1 of body weight （BW） d-1, on day 1 to 14）, progesterone （0.10 mg kg-1 of BW, on day 1 to 7）, lfumethasone （0.03 mg kg-1 of BW, on day 18 to 20） and recombinant bovine somatotropin （rbST;500 mg per cow, on day 1, 6, 16 and 21）. At the end of lactation and with a minimum of a 2-mon dry period, the same cows were again hormonally induced into lactation. Cows in both lactations were not artiifcially inseminated, they were milked 3 times daily and received rbST throughout lactation. Mean accumulated milk yield at 305 d in milk （DIM） did not differ between the ifrst and second induced lactations （（9 710 ＆#177;1 728） vs. （9 309＆#177;2 150） kg;mean＆#177;SD）. Total milk yield （（12 707＆#177;3 406） vs. （12 306＆#177;4 218） kg;mean＆#177;SD） and lactation length （（405＆#177;100） vs. （410＆#177;91） d;mean＆#177;SD） were not different between the ifrst and second induced lactations. In a second study, 15 empirical models including exponential, power law, yield-density, sigmoidal and miscellaneous models were compared for their suitability by modeling 12-mon （n=334）, 18-mon （n=164） and 29-mon （n=22） lactation cycles of Holsteins cows induced into lactation and treated with rbST throughout the lactation. Hoerl （Y=ab1/xxc）, Wood （Y=axb exp（cx）） and Dhanoa （Y=ax（bc）exp（cx）） models were equally suitable to describe 12-mon lactations. An exponential model with ifve parameters （Y=exp（a＋bx＋cd2＋e/x）） showed the best ift for milk yield for 18-mon lactations. The rational model （Y=a＋bx/1＋cx＋dx2） was found to produce the closest ift for 29-mon lactations. It was concluded that, with the protocol used in the present study, multiparous cows respond favorably to a second cycle of induced lactation, with milk yield similar to that experienced during the ifrst cycle. Thus, dairy producers might be able to lengthen the productive life of infertile high producing cows with a renewal of artiifcial lactation, which would imply an overall reduction in voluntary culling of cows. Also, various equations used to describe the lactation curves demonstrated the potential for iftting monthly milk records of Holstein cows with prolonged lactations and induced hormonally into lactation.     

Effects of Supplemental Histamine on Gastric Acid Secretion, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Microfloral of Early Weaned Piglets

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of supplemental histamine in the diet ofearly-weaned piglets. In experiment A, 24 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6.10±0.40 kg,weaned at the age of 28 days, were divided into four groups, fed with basal diet of low dietary copper without(control) or with supplemental histamine at 60, 120, 180 μg kg-1 BW. During the two weeks and the thirdweek after weaning, ADG(average daily gain) of piglets were increased by 15.8% (P＜0.05), 9.5% (P＜0.10) by addition of 60 μg kg-1BW histamine, but decreased by addition of 180 μg kg-1BW histamine, whichalso increased the amount of E. coli in colon and the scour incidence. The secretion of gastric acid and pepsinwere improved by both dose of supplemental histamine (60, 180 pg kg-1BW) and gastric digesta pH were de-creased by both. Addition of 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine improved the activities of trypsin, amylase in duodelumdigesta. In experiment B, 12 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6.85±0.35 kg, weaned at theage of 28 days, were divided into two groups, fed with basal diet of high dietary copper without (control) orwith supplemental 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine. During the two weeks and the third week after weaning, ADG ofpiglets were increased by 9.8% (P＜0.05), 7.0% (P＜0.10). The secretion of gastric acid, activities oftrypsin and amylase in duodelum digesta, were also improved by addition of 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine. The re-sults showed that addition of histamine (60 μg kg-1 BW) in early weaned piglets could increase the secretion ofgastric acid and pepsin, reduce gastric digesta pH and scour incidence, improve activities of trypsin, amylasein duodelum digesta, and the growing performance of early weaned piglets.     

怀孕后期感染PRRS病毒母猪所产新生仔猪的免疫反应

将PRRS病毒BJ－4株感染怀孕后期（约90天）的抗体阴性和阳性母猪，待自然分娩后，观察新生仔猪的免疫应答。结果显示，接种PRRS病毒BJ－4的母猪没有表现出明显的临床症状，没有出现流产死产。新生仔猪浦被子前血清中PRRS病毒核酸TR－PCR检测和ELISA抗体阴性，哺乳后特异性抗体出现，5－6周母源抗体逐渐下降；20日龄猪瘟疫苗免疫后疫苗抗体维持时间短，仔猪在40日龄后进入野毒感染的危险期。RT－nested PCR检测血清中PRRS病毒核酸和易感仔猪病毒特异性抗体监测的结果提示仔猪群内可能存在水平传播。流式细胞术检测外周血淋巴细胞亚群发现CD3^ 细胞减少，CD4^ 细胞显著下降，CD8^ ，CD4^ CD8^ 和SLA－DR^ 表达细胞升高。以上结果表明在感染后病毒能够长期持续性存在，猪场内新生仔猪母源抗体逐渐下降后，通过水平传播受到感染，感染后免疫应答受到不利影响。     

植物小肽替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率及肠道发育的影响

试验旨在研究植物小肽对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率及肠道发育的影响。选择体重为9.56 kg左右的35日龄健康杜长大三元杂种断奶仔猪120头,按照体重相似的原则随机分为2个处理,每个处理设6个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(含2.5%鱼粉),试验组添加2%植物小肽(替代基础饲粮中2.5%鱼粉)。试验期28 d。结果表明,植物小肽组仔猪日增重和日采食量分别比对照组提高5.88%(P<0.05)和2.67%(P<0.05),料重比显著降低2.74%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,植物小肽组仔猪十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度显著提高(P<0.05),十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度显著降低(P<0.05),十二指肠和空肠的绒腺比(V/C)也显著提高(P<0.05)。综合来看,断奶仔猪饲粮中2%植物小肽替代2.5%鱼粉促进了仔猪肠道发育,提高了生长性能。     

A Field Study on Group Housing of Lactating Sows with Special Reference to Sow Health at Weaning

Four farms that group-housed sows from 2 weeks of lactation until weaning (G-farms) and 3 farms that kept the sows individually penned throughout the 5 to 6-week-long lactation period (C-farms), were compared in terms of sow health. All sows were crossbred Swedish Yorkshire × Swedish Landrace. The daily food ration was similar on all farms except during the group-housing period, when G-farm sows were fed ad libitum. Sows were grouped in the breeding section and kept grouped on deep litter in the dry sow section on all farms. Individual health examinations were performed at the time of weaning (±4 days) on 179 G-farm sows and on 167 C-farm sows. Teat- and udder skin wounds occurred less frequently (p<0.001) in G-farm sows than in C-farm sows. In addition, preweaning atrophy of all mammary glands occurred in 6.6% of the G-farm-sows but not in a single C-farm sow (p<0.001). This indicates that sow-piglet interactions decrease when sows are group housed. However, these differences did not occur in primiparous sows, suggesting that the relation between the primiparous sow and her litter is not affected. Mastitis frequency was the same in the 2 systems. Moreover, the frequency of locomotor disorders was the same in the 2 groups, and hoof overgrowth was common in both systems. These similarities could be due to the fact that all farms group housed dry sows on deep litter. A strong relation (p<0.001) between hoof overgrowth and locomotor disorders was evident. Low access to food due to low rank among primiparous group-housed sows was indicated by a lower (p<0.05) backfat thickness compared with multiparous sows, and a higher (p<0.001) frequency of skin wounds compared with individually housed primiparous sows.