氯化钠对饲喂棉饼诱发山羊泌尿系结石的预防试验

16只3~5月龄阉割波尔公山羊随机分为4组,即对照Ⅰ组(n=3)、对照Ⅱ组(限水对照组n=3)、试验Ⅰ组(n=5)、试验Ⅱ组(限水试验组,n=5)。对照组饲喂羊精料和花生秧,试验组饲喂棉饼和稻草,同时在试验组棉饼中加入4%棉饼量的氯化钠,对照Ⅰ组和试验Ⅰ组在试验期间不限制饮水,而对照Ⅱ组和试验Ⅱ组每天限制饮水,经预试期后试验期为4个月。结果表明:(1)添加氯化钠各试验组均未发现临床型尿石症,未添加氯化钠对照Ⅰ组有1头发病,未添加氯化钠限水对照Ⅱ组有3头发病。(2)添加氯化钠不限制水组,山羊的饮水量、排尿量较未添加氯化钠组(对照组)明显增加,尿液pH值明显降低,且差异显著;而添加氯化钠限水组,山羊的排尿量、尿液pH值与限水对照组差异不显著。(3)两个试验组血清醛固酮含量较对照组明显降低,并且尿沉渣生成量明显减少。由此推测氯化钠预防棉饼诱发山羊泌尿系结石的机理是通过降低血清中的醛固酮含量,减轻醛固酮对肾脏的损害,减少了结石核心的形成和尿液中盐类结晶沉着点,在非限饮水的情况下羊还可通过增加饮水量和排尿量,使沉渣生成量减少,从而有效地防止尿石症的发生。     

努比亚山羊LMCD1基因生物信息学分析、真核表达载体的构建及表达

【目的】 扩增努比亚山羊LIM结构域基因1（LIM domain gene 1,LMCD1）并进行生物信息学分析,构建真核表达载体并检测LMCD1基因的表达情况,为研究努比亚山羊LMCD1基因功能及探究LMCD1基因在山羊骨骼肌肉发育中的作用提供依据。【方法】 从努比亚山羊背最长肌组织中提取总RNA,应用RT-PCR方法扩增LMCD1基因CDS区序列,并进行生物信息学分析;将LMCD1基因以同源重组的方式连接pEGFP-N1载体,经酶切、测序鉴定后重组阳性质粒命名为pEGFP-N1-LMCD1;将pEGFP-N1-LMCD1重组质粒转染至山羊骨骼肌卫星细胞,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测努比亚山羊LMCD1基因的表达情况。【结果】 努比亚山羊LMCD1基因CDS区序列全长1 092 bp,编码363个氨基酸。LMCD1蛋白分子式为C₁₇₇₅H₂₈₁₈N₅₀₈O₅₃₃S₂₉,分子质量为40.73 ku。努比亚山羊LMCD1基因CDS区序列与山羊相似性最高（99.8%）,与斑马鱼相似性最低（55.4%）,与其他物种的相似性在87.0%~98.8%之间。LMCD1蛋白无信号肽,不存在跨膜结构域,为亲水性蛋白。通过构建努比亚山羊pEGFP-N1-LMCD1真核表达载体并转染至骨骼肌卫星细胞,过表达LMCD1基因,产生绿色荧光信号。【结论】 试验成功扩增LMCD1基因CDS区序列,构建了pEGFP-N1-LMCD1真核表达载体,并分析了生物学功能,为后续开展LMCD1基因在山羊骨骼肌肉发育中的机制研究提供了理论基础。     

不同泌乳水平奶牛瘤胃发酵及血清代谢差异的研究

本试验通过研究不同泌乳水平奶牛在瘤胃发酵和血清代谢上的差异,从消化和代谢的角度解释不同泌乳水平奶牛的泌乳合成机制差异,为提高奶牛的生产性能提供理论依据。试验采用随机区组设计,选择24头体况良好、体重[(648.50±68.65)kg]、胎次[(2.64±0.70)胎]相近的泌乳中期[(182.0±31.5)d]荷斯坦奶牛,按产奶量分为高产组[(41.7±4.8)kg/d]和低产组[(24.1±3.9)kg/d],各12头,在相同的饲养管理条件下饲喂相同的全混合日粮。分别用乳成分分析仪、酶免法、比色法和气相色谱法对乳成分、血清代谢指标及瘤胃发酵参数进行测定。结果表明:1)高产组奶牛乳成分中乳蛋白、乳脂和乳糖含量极显著高于低产组(P<0.01),乳总固形物含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05),而乳蛋白率极显著低于低产组(P<0.01);2)高产组奶牛瘤胃中总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸及丁酸含量极显著高于低产组(P<0.01),乙酸含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05);3)高产组奶牛血清能量代谢指标葡萄糖(GLU)和甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著低于低产组(P<0.01),非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著低于低产组(P<0.05),β-羟丁酸(BHBA)含量极显著高于低产组(P<0.01);抗氧化指标血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于低产组(P<0.05);免疫指标血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量极显著低于低产组(P<0.01),免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量显著低于低产组(P<0.05),而免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05)。综上所述,高、低产奶牛在瘤胃发酵及血清代谢指标方面存在显著性差异。     

北京地区泌乳牛夏季鼓膜温度昼夜节律及影响因素研究

【目的】 试验旨在揭示北京地区荷斯坦泌乳牛鼓膜温度的群体特征及其随昼夜和环境温湿度指数（temperature-humidity index,THI）的变化规律,探究中度热应激下泌乳牛鼓膜温度的影响因素及其与直肠温度的关系。【方法】 2021年8月对北京地区某规模化牧场638头荷斯坦泌乳牛的鼓膜温度、直肠温度及环境温湿度进行测定,并对其进行描述性统计;对161头荷斯坦泌乳牛6 h鼓膜温度和直肠温度进行相关性分析;利用混合线性模型分析THI、测定时间、胎次、泌乳阶段和繁殖状态等因素对鼓膜温度和直肠温度的影响。【结果】 北京地区荷斯坦泌乳牛夏季鼓膜平均温度为（39.01±0.40）℃;测定时间内THI为76.11~83.18,此时泌乳牛处于中度热应激。泌乳牛鼓膜温度昼夜变化较大,昼夜节律表现为上午低、下午和傍晚均较高且在早晨和下午出现不正常峰值,鼓膜温度的变化滞后于THI变化。鼓膜温度与直肠温度呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05,r＝0.35）,且两种体温均随着THI的升高而升高,回归系数分别为0.09（P<0.05,R²=0.09）和0.10（P<0.05,R²=0.08）。测定时间和胎次对泌乳牛鼓膜温度有显著影响（P<0.05）,胎次和泌乳阶段对泌乳牛直肠温度有显著影响（P<0.05）,且THI对两部位温度的回归均显著（P<0.05）。【结论】 本研究揭示了奶牛体温的节律变化和影响因素,鼓膜温度可有效反映奶牛实时体温,可为精细化管理牛群提供理论依据。     

关中奶山羊睾丸不同发育阶段代谢物的差异分析

【目的】 试验旨在从代谢组学角度探究关中奶山羊睾丸发育代谢机制。【方法】 选择1月龄断奶雄性关中奶山羊和24月龄体成熟的雄性关中奶山羊各6只,采集睾丸组织,使用液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）技术对睾丸组织进行化学检测,通过多维和单维分析相结合的方式对两组不同代谢物进行化学检测、对比与鉴别,通过富集差异代谢物分析筛选关中奶山羊发育代谢中的潜在关键通路。【结果】 在1和24月龄关中奶山羊睾丸组织中共筛选出334个差异代谢物,其中显著上调137个,显著下调197个。对前36个差异代谢物进行比较鉴定发现,分别为脂质和类脂质分子、有机酸及其衍生物、未分类化合物和苯丙烷和聚酮化合物四大类。经相关性分析发现,在1和24月龄关中奶山羊睾丸发育过程中,脂质和类脂质分子与甘油磷脂呈最大正相关,羧基及其衍生物与甘油磷脂呈最大负相关。对不同的代谢物进行富集分析,筛选出7条潜在的重要代谢通路,分别为肿瘤中的胆碱代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、肿瘤中的中心碳代谢、铁死亡、谷胱甘肽代谢、氨酰-tRNA生物组成以及牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢。【结论】 本试验从代谢组学角度揭示了1和24月龄关中奶山羊睾丸的差异代谢物及代谢机制,为今后哺乳动物睾丸的发育研究奠定了基础。     

The effect of feeding maize husk and leucaena mixed or separately on the voluntary intake of the husk

The effect of feeding maize (Zea mays L.) husk and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) as a mixture or separately on the voluntary intake of maize husk was studied over a 40-day period. Ten male goats with an average weight of 15 kg were used. The maize husk intake and total dry matter intake for the two feeding methods was about the same. Thus, total dry matter intake was not affected (P<0.05) by the feeding method. There was also no significant difference (P<0.05) between the two feeding methods in the digestibility values. The data were considered to indicate that there were no significant differences in the intake of maize husk when fed in a mixture with leucaena or when offered separately but at the same time.     

Effects of pistachio by‐products on digestibility,milk production,milk fatty acid profile and blood metabolites in Saanen dairy goats

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pistachio by‐products (PBP) on nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in Saanen dairy goats. Nine multiparous lactating Saanen goats (on day 90 post‐partum, 45 ± 2/kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three treatment diets: 1) control diet (alfalfa hay based), 2) 32% PBP and 3) 32% PBP + polyethylene glycol (PEG‐4000; 1 g/kg dry matter). Each period lasted 21 days, including 14 day for treatment adaptation and 7 day for data collection. Pistachio by‐products significantly decreased (p < 0.01) crude protein (CP) digestibility compared with the control diet (64.4% vs. 58.7%), but PEG addition did not differ for CP digestibility of goats fed 32% PBP + PEG and those fed the two other diets. The digestibility of NDF tended (p = 0.06) to decrease for goats fed PBP compared with those fed the control diet. Yields of milk and 4% fat‐corrected milk were not affected by dietary treatments. Compared with the control diet, PBP supplementation appreciably changed the proportions of almost all the milk FA measured; the main effects were decreases (p < 0.01) in FA from 8:0 to 16:0 and increases (p < 0.01) proportions of cis‐9, trans‐11 18:2 and trans‐11 18:1, monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA and long‐chain FA. The saturated FA, short‐chain FA and medium‐chain FA proportions were lower (p < 0.01) in goats fed the two PBP supplemented diet than in those fed the control diet and PEG addition led to intermediate proportions of saturated FA, unsaturated and monounsaturated FA. Inclusion of PBP in the diet decreased (p < 0.01) plasma concentrations of glucose and urea nitrogen compared with the control diet. It was concluded that PBP can be used as forage in the diet of dairy goats without interfering with milk yield. Inclusion of 32% PBP in the diet of dairy goats had beneficial effects on milk FA profile but PEG addition to PBP did not contribute to enhance further milk FA profile.     

四川省部分地区山羊沙门氏菌健康带菌率及耐药性调查

为了解四川省山羊沙门氏菌带菌情况,本试验采集了四川省部分地区5个规模化山羊养殖场表观健康山羊粪便196份,经BPW预增菌、TTB选择性增菌后,采用靶向invA基因的PCR方法检测沙门氏菌的带菌率;对阳性样本进行细菌分离鉴定,随机选择25株沙门氏菌分离株测定其对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,山羊沙门氏菌的平均带菌率为54.59%。药敏试验结果显示,分离株均对丁胺卡那敏感,而对其余14种抗菌药物呈不同程度的耐药,多重耐药菌株占88%,其中耐2~7种药物的占52%,耐9~13种药物的占36%。结果表明,四川省部分地区山羊的沙门氏菌健康带菌率较高,且多重耐药性普遍,其公共卫生意义值得进一步研究。     

Effects of Parity of Dam and Breeding Date on the Litter Size of Inner Mongolia White Cashmere Goats

The article through the analysis and research to the effects of parity of dam and breeding date on the litter size of Inner Mongolia White cashmere goats,determine the optimal mating time of Inner Mongolia White cashmere goats,in order to improve the efficiency of reproductive.Data used were 1998 to 2013 reproductive performance records collected from the Arbas stock farm in Inner Mongolia,China.The GLM procedure of SAS 9.0 software was used to determine the significant effect of the parity of dam and breeding date,the results showed that the parity of dam and breeding date had significant effect on litter size (P< 0.01).Litter size was the lowest in 1st parity does (1.37),the significantly increase in litter size with advance in parity and decline after six parity;Mating cycles for September 29th to October 16th had the highest litter size (1.76),and the estrous months and estrus peak time mainly concentrated in October,so this stage in production could be used as breeding period of Inner Mongolia White cashmere goats.     

基于声学冲激响应的奶山羊呼吸及反刍同步监测方法

呼吸及反刍是奶山羊最基本的生理活动,及时准确地同步获取奶山羊的呼吸及反刍信息可以为评估奶山羊健康状况提供数据支撑。针对现有方法呼吸及反刍同步监测能力的不足,提出了一种基于声学冲激响应的单只静卧奶山羊呼吸及反刍同步监测方法。该方法首先利用声学在室内空间中的多径效应,实现奶山羊呼吸过程中胸脯起伏及反刍过程中嘴部咀嚼动作全向采集;其次计算收发信号的冲激响应,捕捉由呼吸及反刍运动造成多径信号周期性变化的特征;然后利用呼吸及反刍运动频率差实现呼吸和反刍信号的分离;最后经过幅度归一化、相位同步后实现呼吸及反刍波形的可视化。为了验证该方法的有效性,选用了不同朝向的静卧奶山羊进行呼吸及反刍监测试验,并分析了环境噪声对试验的影响,结果表明：对于不同朝向的奶山羊,该方法呼吸平均相对误差为2.60%,反刍平均相对误差为3.51%,平均漏帧率为2.49%,并对环境噪声有较强的抗干扰能力。